Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Brossard, Ville (V)More information: Quebec [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	91,525	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	85,721	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	37,275	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	35,885	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,025.3	...	...	2,025.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	45.19	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	91,525	44,385	47,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15,165	7,820	7,345	16.6	17.6	15.6
0 to 4 years	4,400	2,295	2,110	4.8	5.2	4.5
5 to 9 years	5,375	2,760	2,615	5.9	6.2	5.5
10 to 14 years	5,390	2,770	2,620	5.9	6.2	5.6
15 to 64 years	56,855	27,830	29,030	62.1	62.7	61.6
15 to 19 years	4,680	2,375	2,305	5.1	5.4	4.9
20 to 24 years	4,710	2,425	2,285	5.1	5.5	4.8
25 to 29 years	5,400	2,745	2,655	5.9	6.2	5.6
30 to 34 years	5,635	2,755	2,885	6.2	6.2	6.1
35 to 39 years	6,605	3,200	3,405	7.2	7.2	7.2
40 to 44 years	6,675	3,260	3,415	7.3	7.3	7.2
45 to 49 years	5,965	2,900	3,065	6.5	6.5	6.5
50 to 54 years	5,735	2,810	2,930	6.3	6.3	6.2
55 to 59 years	5,870	2,850	3,025	6.4	6.4	6.4
60 to 64 years	5,575	2,520	3,055	6.1	5.7	6.5
65 years and over	19,500	8,730	10,770	21.3	19.7	22.8
65 to 69 years	5,260	2,415	2,845	5.7	5.4	6.0
70 to 74 years	5,200	2,460	2,745	5.7	5.5	5.8
75 to 79 years	4,130	1,860	2,270	4.5	4.2	4.8
80 to 84 years	2,355	1,035	1,320	2.6	2.3	2.8
85 years and over	2,555	965	1,590	2.8	2.2	3.4
85 to 89 years	1,415	545	870	1.5	1.2	1.8
90 to 94 years	920	295	625	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	200	120	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
100 years and over	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.6	15.6	16.6	17.6	15.6
15 to 64 years	62.1	62.7	61.6	62.1	62.7	61.6
65 years and over	21.3	19.7	22.8	21.3	19.7	22.8
85 years and over	2.8	2.2	3.4	2.8	2.2	3.4
Average age of the population	42.8	41.5	44.0	42.8	41.5	44.0
Median age of the population	42.8	41.2	44.0	42.8	41.2	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	13,920	...	...	38.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,570	...	...	9.9	...	...
Row house	2,155	...	...	6.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	645	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,325	...	...	34.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,250	...	...	9.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,900	...	...	27.6	...	...
2 persons	11,790	...	...	32.9	...	...
3 persons	5,760	...	...	16.1	...	...
4 persons	5,375	...	...	15.0	...	...
5 or more persons	3,060	...	...	8.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	89,140	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	76,360	36,560	39,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,560	22,250	22,305	58.4	60.9	56.0
Married	35,460	17,675	17,785	46.4	48.3	44.7
Living common-law	9,100	4,580	4,520	11.9	12.5	11.4
Living common law - Never married	6,830	3,415	3,415	8.9	9.3	8.6
Living common law - Separated	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,895	980	915	2.5	2.7	2.3
Living common law - Widowed	220	105	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	31,800	14,305	17,490	41.6	39.1	44.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	20,935	11,085	9,850	27.4	30.3	24.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,235	510	730	1.6	1.4	1.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,365	1,705	3,660	7.0	4.7	9.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,260	1,000	3,255	5.6	2.7	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,350	...	...	47.9	...	...
3 persons	5,845	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 persons	5,305	...	...	20.6	...	...
5 or more persons	2,265	...	...	8.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,760	...	...	84.5	...	...
Married couples	17,220	...	...	66.8	...	...
With children⁶	10,030	...	...	38.9	...	...
Without children	7,195	...	...	27.9	...	...
Common-law couples	4,540	...	...	17.6	...	...
With children⁶	1,840	...	...	7.1	...	...
Without children	2,700	...	...	10.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,005	...	...	15.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,125	...	...	12.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	875	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	89,145	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	75,510	37,515	38,000	84.7	85.9	83.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,525	21,790	21,725	48.8	49.9	47.8
Parents in one-parent families	4,005	875	3,130	4.5	2.0	6.9
Children⁶	27,990	14,845	13,140	31.4	34.0	28.9
In a two-parent family	21,900	11,555	10,340	24.6	26.5	22.7
In a one-parent family	6,090	3,285	2,805	6.8	7.5	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	13,630	6,165	7,470	15.3	14.1	16.4
Living alone	9,905	4,445	5,465	11.1	10.2	12.0
Living with other relatives⁷	2,200	845	1,355	2.5	1.9	3.0
Living with non-relatives only	1,525	875	650	1.7	2.0	1.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,915	...	...	63.9	...	...
Couple-family households	19,650	...	...	54.8	...	...
With children⁶	10,685	...	...	29.8	...	...
Without children	8,965	...	...	25.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,270	...	...	9.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,125	...	...	3.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	170	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	795	...	...	2.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	975	...	...	2.7	...	...
One-person households	9,905	...	...	27.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	73,980	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,225	34,565	36,655	96.3	96.4	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,600	36,800	39,600	43,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,255	34,585	36,670	96.3	96.5	96.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	38,000	33,200	35,600	38,000	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,095	31,695	32,400	86.6	88.4	85.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	38,400	26,400	32,000	38,400	26,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	50,635	26,120	24,510	68.4	72.8	64.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	38,000	30,200	34,000	38,000	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,620	26,790	31,825	79.2	74.7	83.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	10,900	12,600	12,000	10,900	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,435	3,565	3,865	10.1	9.9	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,760	5,560	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	22,710	11,740	10,975	30.7	32.7	28.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	73,980	35,855	38,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,175	34,590	36,585	96.2	96.5	96.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,900	59,500	46,600	52,900	59,500	46,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,200	34,605	36,595	96.2	96.5	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,760	46,760	38,960	42,760	46,760	38,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,020	31,700	32,315	86.5	88.4	84.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,400	55,250	39,680	47,400	55,250	39,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	50,635	26,195	24,440	68.4	73.1	64.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,880	53,900	41,440	47,880	53,900	41,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,505	26,815	31,690	79.1	74.8	83.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,470	11,440	13,340	12,470	11,440	13,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,400	3,485	3,915	10.0	9.7	10.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,030	6,055	7,900	7,030	6,055	7,900
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	22,580	11,695	10,890	30.5	32.6	28.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,440	9,310	9,590	9,440	9,310	9,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	73,985	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,250	12,615	10,630	31.4	35.2	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	68,000	60,000	64,000	68,000	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,600	83,900	67,800	76,600	83,900	67,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,105	10,200	10,900	28.5	28.4	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,600	17,200	14,500	15,600	17,200	14,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,600	30,000	23,420	26,600	30,000	23,420
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.6	85.0	75.2	80.6	85.0	75.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.4	68.6	59.4	64.4	68.6	59.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.4	14.9	24.8	19.4	14.9	24.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.0	1.8	1.4	1.0	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	5.8	7.0	6.3	5.8	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.3	6.1	5.7	5.3	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	73,985	35,855	38,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,760	1,295	1,470	3.7	3.6	3.9
With total income	71,220	34,565	36,660	96.3	96.4	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,125	2,665	3,465	8.6	7.7	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	8,965	3,845	5,125	12.6	11.1	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	11,635	5,280	6,355	16.3	15.3	17.3
$30,000 to $39,999	9,085	4,175	4,905	12.8	12.1	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	7,735	3,575	4,160	10.9	10.3	11.3
$50,000 to $59,999	6,410	3,015	3,400	9.0	8.7	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	4,835	2,355	2,475	6.8	6.8	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	3,670	1,945	1,720	5.2	5.6	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,090	1,630	1,460	4.3	4.7	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,210	1,240	970	3.1	3.6	2.6
$100,000 and over	7,465	4,840	2,625	10.5	14.0	7.2
$100,000 to $149,999	5,135	3,190	1,950	7.2	9.2	5.3
$150,000 and over	2,330	1,650	680	3.3	4.8	1.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	73,985	35,855	38,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,730	1,275	1,455	3.7	3.6	3.8
With after-tax income	71,260	34,580	36,675	96.3	96.4	96.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,605	2,805	3,805	9.3	8.1	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	9,445	4,090	5,355	13.3	11.8	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	13,545	6,320	7,225	19.0	18.3	19.7
$30,000 to $39,999	10,785	4,975	5,815	15.1	14.4	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	9,215	4,385	4,825	12.9	12.7	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,695	3,295	3,400	9.4	9.5	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	4,840	2,500	2,335	6.8	7.2	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	3,280	1,800	1,480	4.6	5.2	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,260	1,355	905	3.2	3.9	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,385	865	520	1.9	2.5	1.4
$100,000 and over	3,195	2,185	1,005	4.5	6.3	2.7
$100,000 to $124,999	1,685	1,110	580	2.4	3.2	1.6
$125,000 and over	1,510	1,075	430	2.1	3.1	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	73,985	35,855	38,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	23,350	9,730	13,615	31.6	27.1	35.7
With employment income	50,635	26,125	24,515	68.4	72.9	64.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,915	3,965	3,950	15.6	15.2	16.1
$5,000 to $9,999	4,890	2,225	2,665	9.7	8.5	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	6,195	3,005	3,190	12.2	11.5	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	4,590	2,200	2,395	9.1	8.4	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	4,105	2,035	2,075	8.1	7.8	8.5
$40,000 to $49,999	4,135	2,020	2,110	8.2	7.7	8.6
$50,000 to $59,999	3,640	1,800	1,835	7.2	6.9	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	3,095	1,620	1,475	6.1	6.2	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	2,450	1,305	1,145	4.8	5.0	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,245	1,180	1,070	4.4	4.5	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,700	980	715	3.4	3.8	2.9
$100,000 and over	5,680	3,790	1,890	11.2	14.5	7.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,690	1,685	1,005	5.3	6.4	4.1
$125,000 and over	2,990	2,105	890	5.9	8.1	3.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	73,980	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,575	33,725	35,850	94.0	94.1	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	33,200	37,200	41,600	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,605	33,730	35,875	94.1	94.1	94.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,400	30,400	33,200	36,400	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,165	31,325	31,845	85.4	87.4	83.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,600	28,600	33,600	39,600	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	50,325	25,985	24,350	68.0	72.5	63.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	31,800	35,600	39,200	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,100	23,790	29,315	71.8	66.4	76.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,920	3,400	8,400	5,920	3,400	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,815	2,275	2,540	6.5	6.3	6.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,400	5,960	5,120	4,400	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	73,980	35,855	38,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,535	33,720	35,810	94.0	94.0	93.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,520	56,550	42,920	49,520	56,550	42,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,580	33,720	35,860	94.1	94.0	94.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,920	44,400	35,720	39,920	44,400	35,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,220	31,320	31,895	85.5	87.4	83.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	55,250	39,280	47,200	55,250	39,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	50,285	25,935	24,345	68.0	72.3	63.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,840	53,950	41,360	47,840	53,950	41,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,060	23,750	29,305	71.7	66.2	76.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,680	7,400	9,730	8,680	7,400	9,730
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,990	2,390	2,600	6.7	6.7	6.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,630	5,965	9,170	7,630	5,965	9,170
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	73,985	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,035	12,525	10,510	31.1	34.9	27.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,200	63,600	54,400	59,200	63,600	54,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,900	78,900	61,400	70,900	78,900	61,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	19,595	9,430	10,160	26.5	26.3	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,400	20,600	22,000	24,400	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,360	35,800	29,160	32,360	35,800	29,160
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	90.8	81.4	86.6	90.8	81.4
Employment income (%)	69.8	73.4	65.4	69.8	73.4	65.4
Government transfers (%)	13.4	9.2	18.5	13.4	9.2	18.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6	1.1	0.8	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	35,885	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	25,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	35,885	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	104,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,800	...	...	84,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,890	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,850	...	...	56,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,240	...	...	46,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	25,990	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,200	...	...	123,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,500	...	...	99,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	410	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	505	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,200	...	...	3.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,035	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,170	...	...	3.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,300	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,330	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,320	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,795	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,785	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,570	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,370	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,125	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,450	...	...	40.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,475	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,140	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,650	...	...	10.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,180	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	470	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	225	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	330	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	550	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,315	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,220	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,425	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,610	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,705	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,720	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,375	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,305	...	...	9.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,955	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,620	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,375	...	...	6.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,680	...	...	29.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,320	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,690	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,670	...	...	10.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,040	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,915	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,430	5,315	6,115	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,600	48,000	43,600	45,600	48,000	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,200	40,800	38,000	39,200	40,800	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	25,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...	123,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,600	...	...	99,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,020	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,800	...	...	107,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,300	...	...	86,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,800	...	...	147,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,500	...	...	118,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,400	...	...	86,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,100	...	...	73,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,450	5,335	6,115	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,550	57,150	52,250	54,550	57,150	52,250
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,600	45,840	43,520	44,600	45,840	43,520
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	89,145	43,680	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,035	9,265	8,765	20.2	21.2	19.3
0 to 5 years	5,380	2,785	2,590	6.0	6.4	5.7
18 to 64 years	53,460	26,225	27,235	60.0	60.0	59.9
65 years and over	17,650	8,185	9,465	19.8	18.7	20.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,890	4,640	5,255	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,205	1,150	1,050	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	690	365	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,140	2,480	2,660	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,550	1,005	1,545	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.1	10.6	11.6	11.1	10.6	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	12.2	12.4	12.0	12.2	12.4	12.0
0 to 5 years (%)	12.8	13.1	12.5	12.8	13.1	12.5
18 to 64 years (%)	9.6	9.5	9.8	9.6	9.5	9.8
65 years and over (%)	14.4	12.3	16.3	14.4	12.3	16.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	89,145	43,675	45,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,035	9,265	8,765	20.2	21.2	19.3
0 to 5 years	5,380	2,790	2,595	6.0	6.4	5.7
18 to 64 years	53,465	26,220	27,240	60.0	60.0	59.9
65 years and over	17,650	8,185	9,460	19.8	18.7	20.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,380	2,635	2,750	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,260	670	590	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	380	200	180	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,200	1,620	1,585	...	...	...
65 years and over	920	345	575	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.0	6.0	6.1	6.0	6.0	6.1
0 to 17 years (%)	7.0	7.2	6.8	7.0	7.2	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	7.0	7.2	7.0	7.0	7.2	7.0
18 to 64 years (%)	6.0	6.2	5.8	6.0	6.2	5.8
65 years and over (%)	5.2	4.2	6.1	5.2	4.2	6.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	89,145	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	46,970	22,510	24,455	52.7	51.5	53.8
In bottom decile	8,305	3,960	4,345	9.3	9.1	9.6
In second decile	8,585	4,065	4,525	9.6	9.3	10.0
In third decile	10,165	4,860	5,305	11.4	11.1	11.7
In fourth decile	10,055	4,825	5,230	11.3	11.0	11.5
In fifth decile	9,860	4,805	5,055	11.1	11.0	11.1
In top half of the distribution	42,175	21,165	21,010	47.3	48.5	46.2
In sixth decile	9,380	4,645	4,735	10.5	10.6	10.4
In seventh decile	9,280	4,615	4,665	10.4	10.6	10.3
In eighth decile	8,495	4,300	4,190	9.5	9.8	9.2
In ninth decile	7,970	4,025	3,950	8.9	9.2	8.7
In top decile	7,050	3,585	3,470	7.9	8.2	7.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	89,145	...	...	89,145	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.340	...	...	0.340	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.466	...	...	0.466	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.289	...	...	0.289	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	90,470	43,835	46,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	11,850	6,010	5,840	13.1	13.7	12.5
French only	18,225	7,710	10,515	20.1	17.6	22.5
English and French	56,160	28,315	27,845	62.1	64.6	59.7
Neither English nor French	4,235	1,795	2,445	4.7	4.1	5.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	90,470	43,835	46,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	24,890	12,405	12,485	27.5	28.3	26.8
French	48,135	22,950	25,185	53.2	52.4	54.0
English and French	13,305	6,735	6,570	14.7	15.4	14.1
Neither English nor French	4,140	1,745	2,395	4.6	4.0	5.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	90,470	43,835	46,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	83,990	40,580	43,410	92.8	92.6	93.1
Official languages	45,835	22,195	23,635	50.7	50.6	50.7
English	10,545	5,265	5,280	11.7	12.0	11.3
French	35,285	16,930	18,355	39.0	38.6	39.4
Non-official languages	38,160	18,380	19,775	42.2	41.9	42.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,145	18,380	19,770	42.2	41.9	42.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,165	2,640	2,520	5.7	6.0	5.4
Berber languages	250	130	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	205	110	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamazight	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,880	2,495	2,390	5.4	5.7	5.1
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,855	2,480	2,375	5.4	5.7	5.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,665	790	880	1.8	1.8	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	150	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,520	720	805	1.7	1.6	1.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	490	185	310	0.5	0.4	0.7
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	345	120	225	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,015	485	525	1.1	1.1	1.1
Haitian Creole	370	170	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	545	265	275	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	355	170	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,220	7,820	8,400	17.9	17.8	18.0
Albanian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	1,890	885	1,010	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,865	875	995	2.1	2.0	2.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	385	185	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	265	115	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	935	435	505	1.0	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	160	65	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
German	155	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,015	525	490	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,830	2,400	2,430	5.3	5.5	5.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,845	915	930	2.0	2.1	2.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	430	210	215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	345	185	160	0.4	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	530	265	270	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,985	1,480	1,505	3.3	3.4	3.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian languages	2,920	1,445	1,475	3.2	3.3	3.2
Dari	1,660	820	845	1.8	1.9	1.8
Iranian Persian	1,045	530	520	1.2	1.2	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,965	3,760	4,205	8.8	8.6	9.0
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	625	330	300	0.7	0.8	0.6
Portuguese	1,000	485	515	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	1,240	590	655	1.4	1.3	1.4
Spanish	5,090	2,355	2,740	5.6	5.4	5.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	370	155	220	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	400	205	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,910	5,665	6,245	13.2	12.9	13.4
Chinese languages	11,900	5,660	6,240	13.2	12.9	13.4
Hakka	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	6,530	3,075	3,455	7.2	7.0	7.4
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,785	2,310	2,480	5.3	5.3	5.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	240	125	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,480	3,255	3,225	7.2	7.4	6.9
English and French	1,915	950	965	2.1	2.2	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,490	755	740	1.6	1.7	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,730	870	860	1.9	2.0	1.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,045	535	510	1.2	1.2	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	295	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	90,470	43,835	46,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	10,275	5,160	5,115	11.4	11.8	11.0
French	31,560	15,030	16,530	34.9	34.3	35.4
Non-official language	15,450	7,400	8,050	17.1	16.9	17.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	15,450	7,400	8,050	17.1	16.9	17.3
English and French	7,490	3,735	3,760	8.3	8.5	8.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,220	3,550	3,665	8.0	8.1	7.9
French and non-official language(s)	7,665	3,720	3,950	8.5	8.5	8.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	9,730	4,740	4,990	10.8	10.8	10.7
Multiple non-official languages	1,080	500	580	1.2	1.1	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	90,470	43,835	46,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	81,620	39,565	42,055	90.2	90.3	90.2
Official languages	55,570	26,925	28,645	61.4	61.4	61.4
English	16,280	8,115	8,165	18.0	18.5	17.5
French	39,285	18,810	20,475	43.4	42.9	43.9
Non-official languages	26,055	12,640	13,415	28.8	28.8	28.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,055	12,640	13,415	28.8	28.8	28.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,775	1,395	1,380	3.1	3.2	3.0
Berber languages	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,660	1,340	1,320	2.9	3.1	2.8
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,650	1,335	1,320	2.9	3.0	2.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,095	520	575	1.2	1.2	1.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,035	500	535	1.1	1.1	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	155	65	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	505	220	285	0.6	0.5	0.6
Haitian Creole	145	55	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	315	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	230	105	120	0.3	0.2	0.3
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	145	65	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Telugu	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,535	5,145	5,390	11.6	11.7	11.6
Albanian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,215	585	635	1.3	1.3	1.4
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,210	580	635	1.3	1.3	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	265	125	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	725	350	375	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	480	230	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	3,500	1,735	1,765	3.9	4.0	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	1,140	560	575	1.3	1.3	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	265	130	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	150	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	215	115	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	350	180	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,360	1,170	1,190	2.6	2.7	2.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,320	1,150	1,170	2.6	2.6	2.5
Dari	1,245	610	635	1.4	1.4	1.4
Iranian Persian	910	465	445	1.0	1.1	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,155	2,505	2,650	5.7	5.7	5.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	645	325	315	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	840	420	420	0.9	1.0	0.9
Spanish	3,555	1,705	1,850	3.9	3.9	4.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	300	130	175	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,965	4,800	5,165	11.0	11.0	11.1
Chinese languages	9,960	4,800	5,165	11.0	11.0	11.1
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,745	2,790	2,955	6.4	6.4	6.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,860	1,840	2,025	4.3	4.2	4.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	170	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	70	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,850	4,275	4,580	9.8	9.8	9.8
English and French	2,670	1,310	1,360	3.0	3.0	2.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,055	1,010	1,050	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,535	1,215	1,320	2.8	2.8	2.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,470	685	785	1.6	1.6	1.7
Multiple non-official languages	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	90,470	43,835	46,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	63,535	30,640	32,900	70.2	69.9	70.5
English	7,025	3,470	3,555	7.8	7.9	7.6
French	5,730	2,820	2,915	6.3	6.4	6.3
Non-official language	6,905	3,285	3,625	7.6	7.5	7.8
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,905	3,285	3,625	7.6	7.5	7.8
English and French	2,840	1,450	1,390	3.1	3.3	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,015	985	1,030	2.2	2.2	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,555	765	795	1.7	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	360	170	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	495	260	235	0.5	0.6	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	89,140	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	84,970	41,895	43,080	95.3	95.9	94.7
English	67,305	34,240	33,065	75.5	78.4	72.7
French	73,225	35,835	37,390	82.1	82.0	82.2
Non-official languages	50,870	24,685	26,185	57.1	56.5	57.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,870	24,685	26,185	57.1	56.5	57.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,220	4,230	3,990	9.2	9.7	8.8
Berber languages	405	215	190	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kabyle	330	170	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamazight	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	20	20	0.1	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,960	4,090	3,870	8.9	9.4	8.5
Amharic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,725	3,955	3,770	8.7	9.1	8.3
Aramaic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,060	990	1,075	2.3	2.3	2.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	225	90	125	0.3	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	1,860	905	955	2.1	2.1	2.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	885	385	500	1.0	0.9	1.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Merina	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	575	245	335	0.6	0.6	0.7
Waray-Waray	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	2,350	1,120	1,230	2.6	2.6	2.7
Haitian Creole	1,150	520	630	1.3	1.2	1.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,065	545	520	1.2	1.2	1.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	560	285	275	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kannada	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	325	155	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	205	115	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,145	11,340	11,805	26.0	26.0	26.0
Albanian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	240	125	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	2,800	1,340	1,460	3.1	3.1	3.2
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,785	1,335	1,455	3.1	3.1	3.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	445	220	225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Czech	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	425	160	270	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian	1,690	865	830	1.9	2.0	1.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	235	105	130	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	775	420	355	0.9	1.0	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	665	345	320	0.7	0.8	0.7
German	640	335	310	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	105	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	70	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,385	690	700	1.6	1.6	1.5
Indo-Iranian languages	6,490	3,290	3,200	7.3	7.5	7.0
Indo-Aryan languages	3,340	1,710	1,630	3.7	3.9	3.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	555	300	255	0.6	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	230	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	1,270	625	645	1.4	1.4	1.4
Kacchi	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	45	20	20	0.1	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	675	345	330	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,490	785	710	1.7	1.8	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,500	1,780	1,720	3.9	4.1	3.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	3,395	1,730	1,665	3.8	4.0	3.7
Dari	1,860	970	890	2.1	2.2	2.0
Iranian Persian	1,405	710	695	1.6	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,395	5,935	6,460	13.9	13.6	14.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,590	775	820	1.8	1.8	1.8
Portuguese	1,475	740	730	1.7	1.7	1.6
Romanian	1,530	755	775	1.7	1.7	1.7
Spanish	8,770	4,135	4,640	9.8	9.5	10.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	570	240	325	0.6	0.5	0.7
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	975	505	470	1.1	1.2	1.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lingala	140	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	70	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	190	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	180	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	13,890	6,545	7,350	15.6	15.0	16.2
Chinese languages	13,865	6,535	7,325	15.6	15.0	16.1
Hakka	235	95	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mandarin	9,545	4,485	5,060	10.7	10.3	11.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	345	160	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	145	65	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	6,140	2,805	3,325	6.9	6.4	7.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	70	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	420	225	195	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	310	195	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	89,145	43,680	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	465	215	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	420	200	225	0.5	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	235	105	130	0.3	0.2	0.3
Métis	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	88,680	43,460	45,220	99.5	99.5	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	89,145	43,680	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	90	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	89,055	43,645	45,410	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	24,970	...	...	69.6	...	...
Renter	10,920	...	...	30.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	11,135	...	...	31.0	...	...
Not condominium	24,755	...	...	69.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	80	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	4,170	...	...	11.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	10,650	...	...	29.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	10,820	...	...	30.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,160	...	...	28.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	12,645	...	...	35.2	...	...
5 rooms	5,900	...	...	16.4	...	...
6 rooms	3,880	...	...	10.8	...	...
7 rooms	3,995	...	...	11.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	9,460	...	...	26.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	35,230	...	...	98.2	...	...
More than one person per room	655	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	34,245	...	...	95.4	...	...
Not suitable	1,640	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	1,495	...	...	4.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,670	...	...	35.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,960	...	...	16.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,530	...	...	7.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,005	...	...	8.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,910	...	...	10.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,145	...	...	8.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,160	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	34,055	...	...	94.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,830	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	18,065	...	...	50.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,215	...	...	45.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,600	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	580	...	...	1.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,460	...	...	12.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,075	...	...	19.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	6,565	...	...	18.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	6,465	...	...	18.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,980	...	...	16.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,685	...	...	10.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,075	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	35,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	28,870	...	...	80.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,875	...	...	19.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,115	...	...	17.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	35,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	9,610	...	...	26.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,260	...	...	17.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,275	...	...	3.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,370	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	245	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	335	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,275	...	...	73.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	34,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,990	...	...	5.7	...	...
Not in core need	33,000	...	...	94.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	24,970	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.9	...	...	60.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,210	...	...	1,210	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,334	...	...	1,334	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	448,000	...	...	448,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	518,500	...	...	518,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	10,915	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	29.9	...	...	29.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.0	...	...	12.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,110	...	...	1,110	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,192	...	...	1,192	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	89,145	43,675	45,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	285	115	165	0.3	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	285	115	165	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	255	110	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	820	375	445	0.9	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	815	375	445	0.9	0.9	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	740	330	405	0.8	0.8	0.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	88,040	43,185	44,855	98.8	98.9	98.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	89,145	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	77,230	37,925	39,310	86.6	86.8	86.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,655	8,080	7,575	17.6	18.5	16.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	61,575	29,845	31,735	69.1	68.3	69.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,910	5,755	6,160	13.4	13.2	13.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	89,145	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	49,470	24,350	25,115	55.5	55.8	55.2
Immigrants⁸¹	36,370	17,590	18,785	40.8	40.3	41.3
Before 1980	5,050	2,635	2,420	5.7	6.0	5.3
1980 to 1990	4,530	2,150	2,380	5.1	4.9	5.2
1991 to 2000	6,935	3,435	3,500	7.8	7.9	7.7
2001 to 2010	9,470	4,365	5,105	10.6	10.0	11.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,385	5,000	5,385	11.6	11.4	11.8
2011 to 2015	5,295	2,490	2,800	5.9	5.7	6.2
2016 to 2021	5,090	2,510	2,580	5.7	5.7	5.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,305	1,735	1,565	3.7	4.0	3.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	36,370	17,590	18,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,825	1,450	1,380	7.8	8.2	7.3
5 to 14 years	5,780	2,995	2,785	15.9	17.0	14.8
15 to 24 years	6,465	2,955	3,515	17.8	16.8	18.7
25 to 44 years	17,925	8,570	9,360	49.3	48.7	49.8
45 years and over	3,370	1,620	1,750	9.3	9.2	9.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	36,370	17,590	18,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,525	2,625	2,900	15.2	14.9	15.4
Brazil	265	145	115	0.7	0.8	0.6
Colombia	1,115	525	590	3.1	3.0	3.1
El Salvador	120	45	75	0.3	0.3	0.4
Guyana	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haiti	780	340	440	2.1	1.9	2.3
Jamaica	60	25	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mexico	240	85	150	0.7	0.5	0.8
Peru	540	245	300	1.5	1.4	1.6
Trinidad and Tobago	145	75	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	395	230	160	1.1	1.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,775	860	910	4.9	4.9	4.8
Europe	5,610	2,695	2,910	15.4	15.3	15.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	70	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	990	490	500	2.7	2.8	2.7
Germany	125	75	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Greece	400	195	205	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hungary	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	365	200	160	1.0	1.1	0.9
Netherlands	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	255	90	165	0.7	0.5	0.9
Portugal	380	175	205	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romania	1,045	490	560	2.9	2.8	3.0
Russian Federation	345	165	175	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	60	25	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	195	85	105	0.5	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	195	85	115	0.5	0.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Europe	1,075	515	555	3.0	2.9	3.0
Africa	6,765	3,535	3,230	18.6	20.1	17.2
Algeria	960	485	475	2.6	2.8	2.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	185	85	95	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egypt	850	430	425	2.3	2.4	2.3
Eritrea	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Morocco	1,550	820	725	4.3	4.7	3.9
Nigeria	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	3,145	1,680	1,465	8.6	9.6	7.8
Asia	18,440	8,705	9,730	50.7	49.5	51.8
Afghanistan	1,335	675	660	3.7	3.8	3.5
Iran⁸⁸	1,135	580	560	3.1	3.3	3.0
Iraq	200	100	100	0.5	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	755	420	340	2.1	2.4	1.8
Syria⁸⁹	265	145	120	0.7	0.8	0.6
Turkey	190	105	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	7,055	3,130	3,930	19.4	17.8	20.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,145	590	550	3.1	3.4	2.9
Korea, South⁹²	365	155	205	1.0	0.9	1.1
Taiwan	330	125	210	0.9	0.7	1.1
Philippines	565	235	335	1.6	1.3	1.8
Viet Nam	1,400	650	750	3.8	3.7	4.0
Bangladesh	330	165	165	0.9	0.9	0.9
India	1,045	515	530	2.9	2.9	2.8
Pakistan	700	375	330	1.9	2.1	1.8
Sri Lanka	110	40	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	1,510	715	795	4.2	4.1	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,095	2,510	2,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	630	315	315	12.4	12.5	12.2
Brazil	70	35	35	1.4	1.4	1.4
Colombia	165	70	100	3.2	2.8	3.9
Haiti	30	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	55	15	35	1.1	0.6	1.4
United States of America	95	65	30	1.9	2.6	1.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	75	50	30	1.5	2.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	140	75	65	2.7	3.0	2.5
Europe	400	215	190	7.9	8.6	7.4
France	140	70	65	2.7	2.8	2.5
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	80	40	35	1.6	1.6	1.4
Ukraine	35	25	15	0.7	1.0	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	130	65	60	2.6	2.6	2.3
Africa	1,100	585	515	21.6	23.3	19.9
Algeria	175	80	90	3.4	3.2	3.5
Burundi	80	55	25	1.6	2.2	1.0
Cameroon	65	30	30	1.3	1.2	1.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	85	40	45	1.7	1.6	1.7
Côte d'Ivoire	60	35	20	1.2	1.4	0.8
Egypt	45	20	20	0.9	0.8	0.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	160	95	70	3.1	3.8	2.7
Nigeria	30	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	155	75	80	3.0	3.0	3.1
Other places of birth in Africa	225	120	110	4.4	4.8	4.3
Asia	2,955	1,385	1,565	58.0	55.2	60.5
Afghanistan	385	210	180	7.6	8.4	7.0
Bangladesh	45	20	30	0.9	0.8	1.2
China⁹⁰	1,315	570	745	25.8	22.7	28.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
India	280	145	135	5.5	5.8	5.2
Iran⁸⁸	225	110	120	4.4	4.4	4.6
Iraq	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	60	35	25	1.2	1.4	1.0
Lebanon	50	40	0	1.0	1.6	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	120	75	50	2.4	3.0	1.9
Philippines	55	15	35	1.1	0.6	1.4
Saudi Arabia	30	10	25	0.6	0.4	1.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	130	70	60	2.6	2.8	2.3
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Viet Nam	55	10	45	1.1	0.4	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	135	60	75	2.6	2.4	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	89,140	43,680	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	40,480	19,705	20,775	45.4	45.1	45.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,565	9,945	9,620	21.9	22.8	21.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,100	14,030	15,070	32.6	32.1	33.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,320	14,955	16,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	19,130	9,805	9,320	61.1	65.6	57.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,130	5,125	3,000	26.0	34.3	18.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,005	4,685	6,320	35.1	31.3	38.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,245	2,650	4,595	23.1	17.7	28.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,540	2,290	2,255	14.5	15.3	13.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	400	205	190	1.3	1.4	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,320	14,955	16,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,920	970	950	6.1	6.5	5.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,860	950	915	5.9	6.4	5.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	995	500	490	3.2	3.3	3.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,690	965	725	5.4	6.5	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	215	90	130	0.7	0.6	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	24,635	11,485	13,155	78.7	76.8	80.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	89,140	43,680	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	44,830	22,155	22,675	50.3	50.7	49.9
South Asian	4,440	2,315	2,125	5.0	5.3	4.7
Chinese	14,400	6,850	7,550	16.2	15.7	16.6
Black	5,760	2,855	2,905	6.5	6.5	6.4
Filipino	830	385	445	0.9	0.9	1.0
Arab	6,600	3,425	3,170	7.4	7.8	7.0
Latin American	4,615	2,235	2,375	5.2	5.1	5.2
Southeast Asian	2,475	1,240	1,235	2.8	2.8	2.7
West Asian	3,150	1,630	1,520	3.5	3.7	3.3
Korean	590	265	325	0.7	0.6	0.7
Japanese	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	295	165	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,585	735	850	1.8	1.7	1.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	44,315	21,525	22,790	49.7	49.3	50.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	89,145	43,675	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,335	5,545	5,790	12.7	12.7	12.7
English	1,890	915	975	2.1	2.1	2.1
Irish	3,395	1,680	1,715	3.8	3.8	3.8
Scottish	1,840	840	1,000	2.1	1.9	2.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	12,030	5,770	6,260	13.5	13.2	13.8
German	1,315	625	685	1.5	1.4	1.5
Chinese	14,100	6,730	7,375	15.8	15.4	16.2
Italian	3,200	1,550	1,650	3.6	3.5	3.6
Indian (India)	2,250	1,165	1,080	2.5	2.7	2.4
Ukrainian	660	290	370	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dutch	185	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	940	395	545	1.1	0.9	1.2
Québécois	4,170	2,065	2,105	4.7	4.7	4.6
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	440	190	250	0.5	0.4	0.5
Filipino	885	400	485	1.0	0.9	1.1
French Canadian	3,015	1,380	1,635	3.4	3.2	3.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	820	405	415	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	475	230	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	750	380	370	0.8	0.9	0.8
Russian	1,115	520	600	1.3	1.2	1.3
Norwegian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Welsh	140	50	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	1,260	590	670	1.4	1.4	1.5
American	360	150	205	0.4	0.3	0.5
Spanish	1,580	795	785	1.8	1.8	1.7
Swedish	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	410	190	225	0.5	0.4	0.5
Acadian	390	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pakistani	1,050	545	505	1.2	1.2	1.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,125	565	560	1.3	1.3	1.2
Jewish	340	190	155	0.4	0.4	0.3
Punjabi	155	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	2,335	1,150	1,180	2.6	2.6	2.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,625	1,375	1,250	2.9	3.1	2.7
Greek	1,835	920	920	2.1	2.1	2.0
Jamaican	240	95	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	810	380	430	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	660	315	345	0.7	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,505	750	750	1.7	1.7	1.6
Lebanese	1,460	770	690	1.6	1.8	1.5
Iranian	1,340	665	675	1.5	1.5	1.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	545	285	260	0.6	0.7	0.6
Danish	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	440	200	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	1,610	705	905	1.8	1.6	2.0
Hindu	295	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	435	190	245	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	150	65	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Finnish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	165	65	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	235	105	125	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Muslim	590	280	310	0.7	0.6	0.7
Egyptian	1,205	610	595	1.4	1.4	1.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	805	405	400	0.9	0.9	0.9
Tamil	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,415	685	730	1.6	1.6	1.6
Moroccan	1,600	865	740	1.8	2.0	1.6
Czech	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	395	185	205	0.4	0.4	0.5
Guyanese	155	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	1,655	860	790	1.9	2.0	1.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	305	155	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbian	125	70	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	430	195	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ontarian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	320	165	155	0.4	0.4	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	275	130	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	270	155	115	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	340	160	180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	995	530	465	1.1	1.2	1.0
Brazilian	355	205	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nigerian	45	20	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Armenian	375	195	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovak	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	420	195	220	0.5	0.4	0.5
Iraqi	245	130	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	155	70	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	260	135	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	200	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	240	130	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	160	60	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
South African	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	280	150	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chilean	440	230	205	0.5	0.5	0.5
Congolese	215	120	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	730	300	425	0.8	0.7	0.9
Yoruba	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	395	200	200	0.4	0.5	0.4
Berber	540	290	250	0.6	0.7	0.5
Albanian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	515	265	245	0.6	0.6	0.5
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	20	20	0.1	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	480	255	225	0.5	0.6	0.5
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	435	195	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cameroonian	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	135	85	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	170	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	165	55	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	235	120	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
Assyrian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	75	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	245	110	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Breton	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	45	0	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	215	125	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	70	55	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	135	65	65	0.2	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	635	325	305	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kenyan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malayali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	145	60	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Libyan	50	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Basque	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	130	70	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	185	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	89,145	43,680	45,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,385	1,060	1,325	2.7	2.4	2.9
Christian	43,915	20,500	23,415	49.3	46.9	51.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,290	2,465	2,830	5.9	5.6	6.2
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	530	265	265	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baptist	365	190	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catholic	30,670	14,305	16,365	34.4	32.7	36.0
Christian Orthodox	4,115	1,970	2,145	4.6	4.5	4.7
Jehovah's Witness	250	125	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	490	200	290	0.5	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	155	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	215	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,585	705	880	1.8	1.6	1.9
Hindu	1,395	690	700	1.6	1.6	1.5
Jewish	375	190	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Muslim	13,115	6,695	6,420	14.7	15.3	14.1
Sikh	260	140	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	275	125	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	27,415	14,275	13,145	30.8	32.7	28.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	88,325	43,220	45,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	78,315	38,080	40,230	88.7	88.1	89.2
Movers	10,015	5,140	4,875	11.3	11.9	10.8
Non-migrants	4,260	2,145	2,115	4.8	5.0	4.7
Migrants	5,755	3,000	2,760	6.5	6.9	6.1
Internal migrants	4,780	2,510	2,270	5.4	5.8	5.0
Intraprovincial migrants	4,510	2,360	2,150	5.1	5.5	4.8
Interprovincial migrants	275	150	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	975	485	490	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	84,750	41,335	43,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	50,495	24,365	26,135	59.6	58.9	60.2
Movers	34,250	16,970	17,285	40.4	41.1	39.8
Non-migrants	9,540	4,740	4,800	11.3	11.5	11.1
Migrants	24,715	12,230	12,485	29.2	29.6	28.8
Internal migrants	18,215	9,045	9,170	21.5	21.9	21.1
Intraprovincial migrants	17,220	8,540	8,680	20.3	20.7	20.0
Interprovincial migrants	995	505	490	1.2	1.2	1.1
External migrants	6,495	3,185	3,310	7.7	7.7	7.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,985	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,950	5,455	5,490	14.8	15.2	14.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,035	30,405	32,640	85.2	84.8	85.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	46,960	22,800	24,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,365	2,330	2,035	9.3	10.2	8.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	42,595	20,470	22,120	90.7	89.8	91.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	73,985	35,855	38,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,920	4,795	5,125	13.4	13.4	13.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,785	7,195	7,595	20.0	20.1	19.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,280	23,870	25,410	66.6	66.6	66.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,560	10,800	11,760	30.5	30.1	30.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,265	3,525	2,735	8.5	9.8	7.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,375	2,180	2,195	5.9	6.1	5.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,885	1,345	540	2.5	3.8	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,700	5,605	7,095	17.2	15.6	18.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,605	1,670	1,930	4.9	4.7	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,715	13,065	13,650	36.1	36.4	35.8
Bachelor's degree	16,240	7,570	8,670	22.0	21.1	22.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,620	1,190	1,430	3.5	3.3	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	750	320	435	1.0	0.9	1.1
Master's degree	6,040	3,260	2,775	8.2	9.1	7.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,065	730	335	1.4	2.0	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	46,955	22,805	24,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,685	1,895	1,790	7.8	8.3	7.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,285	3,730	3,555	15.5	16.4	14.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	35,990	17,175	18,810	76.6	75.3	77.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,825	7,275	7,550	31.6	31.9	31.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,535	2,515	2,025	9.7	11.0	8.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,180	1,575	1,605	6.8	6.9	6.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,355	935	420	2.9	4.1	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	7,885	3,655	4,230	16.8	16.0	17.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,410	1,110	1,300	5.1	4.9	5.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,160	9,905	11,260	45.1	43.4	46.6
Bachelor's degree	12,695	5,730	6,960	27.0	25.1	28.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,135	885	1,245	4.5	3.9	5.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	555	205	345	1.2	0.9	1.4
Master's degree	5,000	2,595	2,405	10.6	11.4	10.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	785	485	300	1.7	2.1	1.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	73,985	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	24,705	11,985	12,715	33.4	33.4	33.3
Education	2,490	435	2,055	3.4	1.2	5.4
13. Education	2,490	435	2,055	3.4	1.2	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,680	685	990	2.3	1.9	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	120	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,525	565	960	2.1	1.6	2.5
Humanities	2,870	870	2,000	3.9	2.4	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	715	190	525	1.0	0.5	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	365	60	305	0.5	0.2	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,095	375	720	1.5	1.0	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	125	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	150	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	295	55	245	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,595	1,995	3,600	7.6	5.6	9.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	625	140	480	0.8	0.4	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	700	100	605	0.9	0.3	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,160	450	705	1.6	1.3	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	110	20	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	700	215	480	0.9	0.6	1.3
45. Social sciences	2,260	1,050	1,205	3.1	2.9	3.2
Business, management and public administration	14,035	6,240	7,795	19.0	17.4	20.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	295	80	210	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,745	6,155	7,585	18.6	17.2	19.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,345	1,240	1,110	3.2	3.5	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	885	400	490	1.2	1.1	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	455	245	210	0.6	0.7	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	170	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
40. Physical sciences	780	500	280	1.1	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,570	2,325	1,255	4.8	6.5	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,950	2,035	915	4.0	5.7	2.4
25. Library science	110	20	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	445	220	230	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	55	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,010	7,625	1,380	12.2	21.3	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	340	170	165	0.5	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	4,490	3,615	875	6.1	10.1	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,665	1,405	255	2.3	3.9	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	900	865	40	1.2	2.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,095	1,065	35	1.5	3.0	0.1
48. Precision production	515	505	10	0.7	1.4	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	470	200	265	0.6	0.6	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	370	160	210	0.5	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	5,225	1,180	4,040	7.1	3.3	10.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	225	110	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,810	985	3,825	6.5	2.7	10.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	185	80	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,980	1,070	910	2.7	3.0	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,175	380	795	1.6	1.1	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	385	315	70	0.5	0.9	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	415	370	45	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	46,960	22,805	24,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	10,970	5,625	5,345	23.4	24.7	22.1
Education	1,480	225	1,255	3.2	1.0	5.2
13. Education	1,480	225	1,255	3.2	1.0	5.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,270	535	735	2.7	2.3	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	120	100	15	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,155	435	720	2.5	1.9	3.0
Humanities	1,875	550	1,330	4.0	2.4	5.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	505	105	400	1.1	0.5	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	310	55	255	0.7	0.2	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	650	255	390	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	175	30	150	0.4	0.1	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,100	1,350	2,745	8.7	5.9	11.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	510	105	400	1.1	0.5	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	525	65	460	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	850	295	555	1.8	1.3	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	445	125	320	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	1,680	745	935	3.6	3.3	3.9
Business, management and public administration	10,605	4,510	6,085	22.6	19.8	25.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	225	65	160	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,380	4,455	5,925	22.1	19.5	24.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,515	770	745	3.2	3.4	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	710	315	395	1.5	1.4	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	230	120	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	510	300	200	1.1	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,000	1,975	1,025	6.4	8.7	4.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,585	1,795	790	5.5	7.9	3.3
25. Library science	65	0	65	0.1	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	290	140	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	35	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,750	5,525	1,220	14.4	24.2	5.1
04. Architecture and related services	260	125	135	0.6	0.5	0.6
14. Engineering	3,595	2,790	805	7.7	12.2	3.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,125	905	220	2.4	4.0	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	705	665	40	1.5	2.9	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	750	735	15	1.6	3.2	0.1
48. Precision production	310	300	10	0.7	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	390	155	235	0.8	0.7	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	305	115	190	0.6	0.5	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	80	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	3,525	795	2,725	7.5	3.5	11.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	150	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,245	665	2,575	6.9	2.9	10.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	50	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,480	780	705	3.2	3.4	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	885	275	610	1.9	1.2	2.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	275	225	50	0.6	1.0	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	320	280	45	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	46,960	22,805	24,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	10,970	5,625	5,345	23.4	24.7	22.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	35,990	17,180	18,810	76.6	75.3	77.9
Location of study inside Canada	24,830	11,955	12,875	52.9	52.4	53.3
Same as province or territory of residence	23,875	11,455	12,420	50.8	50.2	51.4
Different than province or territory of residence	955	505	455	2.0	2.2	1.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,160	5,225	5,935	23.8	22.9	24.6
Americas	2,170	1,020	1,150	4.6	4.5	4.8
United States of America	460	230	225	1.0	1.0	0.9
Mexico	145	55	90	0.3	0.2	0.4
Cuba	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	55	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	280	150	135	0.6	0.7	0.6
Colombia	575	260	315	1.2	1.1	1.3
Peru	125	65	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	235	100	130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Americas	225	105	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Europe	2,675	1,395	1,285	5.7	6.1	5.3
Belgium	55	40	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
France	1,005	580	430	2.1	2.5	1.8
Germany	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	35	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	125	60	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	450	210	240	1.0	0.9	1.0
Russian Federation	205	105	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	125	55	65	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	220	90	125	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	300	145	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
Africa	1,585	720	865	3.4	3.2	3.6
Nigeria	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	325	150	175	0.7	0.7	0.7
Morocco	365	180	185	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tunisia	190	90	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egypt	265	110	160	0.6	0.5	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	385	165	225	0.8	0.7	0.9
Asia	4,655	2,035	2,625	9.9	8.9	10.9
Iran⁸⁸	450	200	250	1.0	0.9	1.0
Iraq	35	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israel	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	200	80	120	0.4	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,285	1,030	1,255	4.9	4.5	5.2
Taiwan	75	25	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	65	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	110	30	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Philippines	185	70	115	0.4	0.3	0.5
Viet Nam	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	110	35	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	445	190	260	0.9	0.8	1.1
Pakistan	140	80	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	330	165	170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Oceania	75	55	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australia	55	45	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	73,980	35,855	38,125	...	...	...
In the labour force	46,555	24,170	22,385	...	...	...
Employed	42,130	21,895	20,235	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,425	2,280	2,150	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	27,430	11,685	15,745	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.9	67.4	58.7	62.9	67.4	58.7
Employment rate	56.9	61.1	53.1	56.9	61.1	53.1
Unemployment rate	9.5	9.4	9.6	9.5	9.4	9.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	73,985	35,855	38,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	27,565	11,870	15,695	37.3	33.1	41.2
Worked	46,420	23,990	22,425	62.7	66.9	58.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	23,990	13,075	10,915	32.4	36.5	28.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	22,425	10,915	11,510	30.3	30.4	30.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	41.1	39.5	40.3	41.1	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	46,550	24,170	22,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,290	610	685	2.8	2.5	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	45,265	23,560	21,700	97.2	97.5	96.9
Employee	38,440	19,295	19,140	82.6	79.8	85.5
Permanent position	32,285	16,455	15,830	69.4	68.1	70.7
Temporary position	6,155	2,840	3,310	13.2	11.8	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,545	1,085	1,460	5.5	4.5	6.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,605	1,755	1,855	7.7	7.3	8.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,830	4,270	2,560	14.7	17.7	11.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	46,550	24,170	22,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,290	610	685	2.8	2.5	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	45,265	23,560	21,700	97.2	97.5	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	825	550	270	1.8	2.3	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	9,740	3,470	6,270	20.9	14.4	28.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,380	4,790	1,585	13.7	19.8	7.1
3 Health occupations	3,145	770	2,370	6.8	3.2	10.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	4,555	1,315	3,240	9.8	5.4	14.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,270	555	715	2.7	2.3	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	13,020	6,755	6,260	28.0	27.9	28.0
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,730	4,295	440	10.2	17.8	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	175	135	40	0.4	0.6	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,430	920	510	3.1	3.8	2.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	46,550	24,170	22,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,290	610	685	2.8	2.5	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	45,265	23,560	21,700	97.2	97.5	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	130	90	35	0.3	0.4	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	50	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
22 Utilities	295	175	115	0.6	0.7	0.5
23 Construction	1,655	1,340	315	3.6	5.5	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	3,580	2,350	1,230	7.7	9.7	5.5
41 Wholesale trade	1,570	975	590	3.4	4.0	2.6
44-45 Retail trade	5,625	2,975	2,650	12.1	12.3	11.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,345	1,765	580	5.0	7.3	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	1,360	800	565	2.9	3.3	2.5
52 Finance and insurance	3,615	1,650	1,960	7.8	6.8	8.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,080	565	510	2.3	2.3	2.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,045	3,645	2,395	13.0	15.1	10.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	70	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,710	955	755	3.7	4.0	3.4
61 Educational services	2,945	900	2,050	6.3	3.7	9.2
62 Health care and social assistance	5,145	1,185	3,955	11.1	4.9	17.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	585	275	310	1.3	1.1	1.4
72 Accommodation and food services	3,800	2,160	1,640	8.2	8.9	7.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,450	625	820	3.1	2.6	3.7
91 Public administration	2,135	1,025	1,115	4.6	4.2	5.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	49,620	25,605	24,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	6,855	3,870	2,985	13.8	15.1	12.4
French	16,760	8,370	8,395	33.8	32.7	35.0
Non-official language	1,000	470	530	2.0	1.8	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,000	470	530	2.0	1.8	2.2
English and French	21,760	11,300	10,465	43.9	44.1	43.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,145	615	530	2.3	2.4	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	405	175	235	0.8	0.7	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,560	735	825	3.1	2.9	3.4
Multiple non-official languages	130	75	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	49,620	25,605	24,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	43,305	22,445	20,860	87.3	87.7	86.9
Official languages	41,530	21,585	19,940	83.7	84.3	83.0
English	13,055	7,120	5,940	26.3	27.8	24.7
French	28,475	14,470	14,005	57.4	56.5	58.3
Non-official languages	1,775	860	920	3.6	3.4	3.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,775	860	920	3.6	3.4	3.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	55	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	25	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	295	140	155	0.6	0.5	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	155	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	135	60	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,345	665	680	2.7	2.6	2.8
Chinese languages	1,345	665	680	2.7	2.6	2.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	720	330	390	1.5	1.3	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	625	335	290	1.3	1.3	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,310	3,155	3,155	12.7	12.3	13.1
English and French	5,585	2,815	2,765	11.3	11.0	11.5
English and non-official language(s)	355	165	190	0.7	0.6	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	135	80	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	220	85	135	0.4	0.3	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	49,620	25,605	24,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	30,400	15,600	14,800	61.3	60.9	61.6
English	11,445	6,010	5,440	23.1	23.5	22.7
French	5,625	2,920	2,705	11.3	11.4	11.3
Non-official language	990	510	480	2.0	2.0	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	990	510	480	2.0	2.0	2.0
English and French	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	535	265	270	1.1	1.0	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	325	145	185	0.7	0.6	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	170	95	65	0.3	0.4	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	42,130	21,895	20,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,795	6,900	6,895	32.7	31.5	34.1
Worked outside Canada	230	185	50	0.5	0.8	0.2
No fixed workplace address	3,640	2,635	1,005	8.6	12.0	5.0
Usual place of work	24,455	12,175	12,285	58.0	55.6	60.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	24,455	12,175	12,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	6,720	3,060	3,655	27.5	25.1	29.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	5,805	2,930	2,875	23.7	24.1	23.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	11,895	6,155	5,740	48.6	50.6	46.7
Commute to a different province or territory	40	35	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	28,100	14,810	13,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	22,310	12,375	9,935	79.4	83.6	74.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	20,485	11,725	8,760	72.9	79.2	65.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,825	650	1,170	6.5	4.4	8.8
Public transit	3,960	1,520	2,440	14.1	10.3	18.4
Walked	975	410	570	3.5	2.8	4.3
Bicycle	305	225	80	1.1	1.5	0.6
Other method	540	280	265	1.9	1.9	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	28,100	14,810	13,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,040	2,765	3,275	21.5	18.7	24.7
15 to 29 minutes	10,690	5,855	4,835	38.0	39.5	36.4
30 to 44 minutes	7,025	4,075	2,950	25.0	27.5	22.2
45 to 59 minutes	2,545	1,295	1,255	9.1	8.7	9.4
60 minutes and over	1,800	825	975	6.4	5.6	7.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	28,100	14,810	13,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,315	1,090	220	4.7	7.4	1.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,520	2,050	1,470	12.5	13.8	11.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,130	3,330	3,800	25.4	22.5	28.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,045	2,780	3,265	21.5	18.8	24.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,500	2,745	2,760	19.6	18.5	20.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,595	2,820	1,775	16.4	19.0	13.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	18,345	9,440	8,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,385	2,800	2,585	29.4	29.7	29.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,960	6,635	6,325	70.6	70.3	71.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,625	6,995	6,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,245	2,190	2,050	31.2	31.3	30.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,510	1,810	1,700	25.8	25.9	25.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	735	385	350	5.4	5.5	5.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,385	4,800	4,585	68.9	68.6	69.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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