Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Brossard--Saint-LambertMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	114,286	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	107,582	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	48,333	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	46,437	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,166.4	...	...	2,166.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	52.75	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	114,285	54,710	59,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,580	9,535	9,045	16.3	17.4	15.2
0 to 4 years	5,330	2,725	2,605	4.7	5.0	4.4
5 to 9 years	6,555	3,375	3,180	5.7	6.2	5.3
10 to 14 years	6,700	3,430	3,265	5.9	6.3	5.5
15 to 64 years	69,650	33,945	35,710	60.9	62.0	59.9
15 to 19 years	5,915	3,010	2,905	5.2	5.5	4.9
20 to 24 years	5,760	2,955	2,805	5.0	5.4	4.7
25 to 29 years	6,250	3,145	3,105	5.5	5.7	5.2
30 to 34 years	6,650	3,215	3,435	5.8	5.9	5.8
35 to 39 years	7,840	3,780	4,060	6.9	6.9	6.8
40 to 44 years	8,105	3,905	4,200	7.1	7.1	7.0
45 to 49 years	7,400	3,585	3,815	6.5	6.6	6.4
50 to 54 years	7,165	3,510	3,655	6.3	6.4	6.1
55 to 59 years	7,465	3,605	3,865	6.5	6.6	6.5
60 to 64 years	7,105	3,230	3,875	6.2	5.9	6.5
65 years and over	26,050	11,235	14,820	22.8	20.5	24.9
65 to 69 years	6,710	3,035	3,675	5.9	5.5	6.2
70 to 74 years	6,750	3,110	3,640	5.9	5.7	6.1
75 to 79 years	5,465	2,350	3,110	4.8	4.3	5.2
80 to 84 years	3,400	1,455	1,945	3.0	2.7	3.3
85 years and over	3,725	1,285	2,440	3.3	2.3	4.1
85 to 89 years	2,145	745	1,395	1.9	1.4	2.3
90 to 94 years	1,260	390	870	1.1	0.7	1.5
95 to 99 years	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
100 years and over	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.3	17.4	15.2	16.3	17.4	15.2
15 to 64 years	60.9	62.0	59.9	60.9	62.0	59.9
65 years and over	22.8	20.5	24.9	22.8	20.5	24.9
85 years and over	3.3	2.3	4.1	3.3	2.3	4.1
Average age of the population	43.6	42.1	45.0	43.6	42.1	45.0
Median age of the population	43.6	42.0	45.2	43.6	42.0	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	16,945	...	...	36.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,295	...	...	9.2	...	...
Row house	2,645	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	830	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,985	...	...	34.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,695	...	...	12.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	14,335	...	...	30.9	...	...
2 persons	15,025	...	...	32.4	...	...
3 persons	6,935	...	...	14.9	...	...
4 persons	6,620	...	...	14.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,515	...	...	7.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	110,935	53,725	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,705	45,175	50,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,830	27,380	27,445	57.3	60.6	54.3
Married	41,860	20,860	21,000	43.7	46.2	41.6
Living common-law	12,970	6,525	6,445	13.6	14.4	12.8
Living common law - Never married	9,890	4,920	4,975	10.3	10.9	9.8
Living common law - Separated	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,610	1,365	1,245	2.7	3.0	2.5
Living common law - Widowed	280	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	40,870	17,790	23,080	42.7	39.4	45.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,510	13,615	12,900	27.7	30.1	25.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,560	665	895	1.6	1.5	1.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,150	2,245	4,910	7.5	5.0	9.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,650	1,270	4,375	5.9	2.8	8.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,485	...	...	48.8	...	...
3 persons	7,010	...	...	22.1	...	...
4 persons	6,535	...	...	20.6	...	...
5 or more persons	2,690	...	...	8.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,785	...	...	84.5	...	...
Married couples	20,310	...	...	64.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,515	...	...	36.3	...	...
Without children	8,795	...	...	27.7	...	...
Common-law couples	6,475	...	...	20.4	...	...
With children⁶	2,790	...	...	8.8	...	...
Without children	3,680	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,935	...	...	15.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,800	...	...	12.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,130	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	110,935	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	92,375	45,805	46,570	83.3	85.3	81.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,565	26,825	26,735	48.3	49.9	46.7
Parents in one-parent families	4,930	1,130	3,800	4.4	2.1	6.6
Children⁶	33,875	17,840	16,030	30.5	33.2	28.0
In a two-parent family	26,400	13,845	12,550	23.8	25.8	21.9
In a one-parent family	7,475	4,000	3,480	6.7	7.4	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,565	7,920	10,645	16.7	14.7	18.6
Living alone	14,340	5,965	8,370	12.9	11.1	14.6
Living with other relatives⁷	2,400	915	1,480	2.2	1.7	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	1,830	1,040	790	1.6	1.9	1.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,725	...	...	61.9	...	...
Couple-family households	24,585	...	...	52.9	...	...
With children⁶	13,070	...	...	28.1	...	...
Without children	11,515	...	...	24.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,140	...	...	8.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,175	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	175	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	860	...	...	1.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,160	...	...	2.5	...	...
One-person households	14,340	...	...	30.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	92,365	44,190	48,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,115	42,665	46,455	96.5	96.5	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,000	38,800	42,000	46,000	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,155	42,685	46,465	96.5	96.6	96.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,000	34,800	37,200	40,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,905	39,370	41,530	87.6	89.1	86.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	41,200	28,800	34,800	41,200	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,195	32,295	30,895	68.4	73.1	64.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,400	32,400	36,400	40,400	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,300	32,290	40,010	78.3	73.1	83.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	10,900	12,600	12,000	10,900	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,570	4,065	4,500	9.3	9.2	9.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,760	5,560	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,620	13,645	12,985	28.8	30.9	27.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,010	42,670	46,345	96.4	96.6	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,200	70,000	51,250	60,200	70,000	51,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,040	42,685	46,355	96.4	96.6	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,120	52,850	41,800	47,120	52,850	41,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,800	39,370	41,435	87.5	89.1	86.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,300	66,500	44,680	55,300	66,500	44,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,195	32,355	30,835	68.4	73.2	64.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,100	65,000	46,720	56,100	65,000	46,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,210	32,335	39,870	78.2	73.2	82.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,360	11,400	13,140	12,360	11,400	13,140
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,485	3,940	4,545	9.2	8.9	9.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,170	6,075	8,120	7,170	6,075	8,120
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,610	13,685	12,915	28.8	31.0	26.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,240	9,080	9,410	9,240	9,080	9,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	92,365	44,190	48,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,535	15,850	13,680	32.0	35.9	28.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	68,500	73,000	64,000	68,500	73,000	64,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,400	102,600	76,300	90,400	102,600	76,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,900	12,440	13,460	28.0	28.2	27.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,800	17,200	14,800	15,800	17,200	14,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,480	33,160	26,120	29,480	33,160	26,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.4	87.6	78.0	83.4	87.6	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	70.4	60.7	66.2	70.4	60.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.6	12.3	22.1	16.6	12.3	22.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6	1.1	0.8	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.6	5.9	5.2	4.6	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.2	5.1	4.6	4.2	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,245	1,530	1,720	3.5	3.5	3.6
With total income	89,120	42,665	46,455	96.5	96.5	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,435	3,285	4,150	8.3	7.7	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	10,540	4,480	6,060	11.8	10.5	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	13,905	6,115	7,790	15.6	14.3	16.8
$30,000 to $39,999	10,795	4,825	5,970	12.1	11.3	12.9
$40,000 to $49,999	9,340	4,240	5,100	10.5	9.9	11.0
$50,000 to $59,999	7,915	3,600	4,310	8.9	8.4	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	5,985	2,845	3,135	6.7	6.7	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	4,705	2,385	2,315	5.3	5.6	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,915	2,005	1,915	4.4	4.7	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,910	1,570	1,340	3.3	3.7	2.9
$100,000 and over	11,675	7,315	4,360	13.1	17.1	9.4
$100,000 to $149,999	7,145	4,250	2,890	8.0	10.0	6.2
$150,000 and over	4,530	3,070	1,465	5.1	7.2	3.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,210	1,505	1,705	3.5	3.4	3.5
With after-tax income	89,155	42,685	46,470	96.5	96.6	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,035	3,460	4,580	9.0	8.1	9.9
$10,000 to $19,999	11,150	4,780	6,375	12.5	11.2	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	16,155	7,300	8,855	18.1	17.1	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	12,970	5,830	7,140	14.5	13.7	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,325	5,240	6,085	12.7	12.3	13.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,300	3,975	4,325	9.3	9.3	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	6,095	3,050	3,045	6.8	7.1	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	4,285	2,275	2,005	4.8	5.3	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,040	1,760	1,280	3.4	4.1	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,990	1,185	800	2.2	2.8	1.7
$100,000 and over	5,805	3,830	1,975	6.5	9.0	4.3
$100,000 to $124,999	2,670	1,675	995	3.0	3.9	2.1
$125,000 and over	3,140	2,155	980	3.5	5.0	2.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,170	11,895	17,275	31.6	26.9	35.9
With employment income	63,195	32,300	30,895	68.4	73.1	64.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,930	4,950	4,985	15.7	15.3	16.1
$5,000 to $9,999	5,845	2,650	3,195	9.2	8.2	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	7,310	3,470	3,835	11.6	10.7	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	5,430	2,590	2,840	8.6	8.0	9.2
$30,000 to $39,999	4,780	2,360	2,420	7.6	7.3	7.8
$40,000 to $49,999	4,845	2,355	2,490	7.7	7.3	8.1
$50,000 to $59,999	4,340	2,100	2,235	6.9	6.5	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,700	1,890	1,815	5.9	5.9	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,080	1,575	1,505	4.9	4.9	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,805	1,410	1,395	4.4	4.4	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,160	1,205	960	3.4	3.7	3.1
$100,000 and over	8,970	5,745	3,225	14.2	17.8	10.4
$100,000 to $124,999	3,595	2,160	1,435	5.7	6.7	4.6
$125,000 and over	5,375	3,590	1,790	8.5	11.1	5.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	92,365	44,190	48,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,070	41,615	45,455	94.3	94.2	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	36,000	39,600	44,400	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,110	41,625	45,490	94.3	94.2	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,400	32,000	35,200	38,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,655	38,845	40,810	86.2	87.9	84.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,000	30,600	36,000	42,000	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,760	32,090	30,675	67.9	72.6	63.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	41,600	33,600	37,600	41,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,555	28,670	36,885	71.0	64.9	76.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,400	3,720	8,600	6,400	3,720	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,835	2,730	3,105	6.3	6.2	6.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,400	6,200	5,200	4,400	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,060	41,605	45,450	94.3	94.2	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,050	67,000	47,880	57,050	67,000	47,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,110	41,620	45,500	94.3	94.2	94.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,320	50,400	38,760	44,320	50,400	38,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,785	38,870	40,915	86.4	88.0	84.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,950	66,100	44,320	54,950	66,100	44,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,820	32,100	30,720	68.0	72.6	63.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,750	64,400	46,640	55,750	64,400	46,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,545	28,675	36,865	71.0	64.9	76.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,880	7,620	9,850	8,880	7,620	9,850
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,020	2,840	3,180	6.5	6.4	6.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,900	6,005	9,590	7,900	6,005	9,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	92,365	44,190	48,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,285	15,745	13,535	31.7	35.6	28.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	69,500	58,400	63,600	69,500	58,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	84,200	96,400	70,100	84,200	96,400	70,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,080	11,525	12,560	26.1	26.1	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,000	20,400	22,000	24,000	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,640	39,320	32,280	35,640	39,320	32,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.2	92.2	83.4	88.2	92.2	83.4
Employment income (%)	70.6	74.2	65.8	70.6	74.2	65.8
Government transfers (%)	11.7	7.8	16.7	11.7	7.8	16.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.6	1.4	1.0	0.6	1.4
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,600	...	...	47,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,440	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	115,400	...	...	115,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...	90,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	14,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,950	...	...	58,950	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,720	...	...	47,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	140,600	...	...	140,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,300	...	...	109,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	495	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	265	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	395	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	655	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,715	...	...	3.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,475	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,500	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,700	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,735	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,715	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,560	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,380	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,195	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,910	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,595	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,140	...	...	41.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,445	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,815	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,580	...	...	9.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,300	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	585	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	275	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	435	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	710	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,875	...	...	4.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,720	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,880	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,145	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,250	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,240	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,215	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,025	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,605	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,185	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,890	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,405	...	...	31.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,250	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,350	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,805	...	...	12.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,000	...	...	134,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	16,170	7,000	9,170	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,000	48,400	44,000	46,000	48,400	44,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	41,200	38,800	39,600	41,200	38,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	141,200	...	...	141,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,700	...	...	109,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...	121,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,600	...	...	94,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,415	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	173,400	...	...	173,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	133,200	...	...	133,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...	95,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,700	...	...	77,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	16,150	7,035	9,120	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	57,050	60,900	54,050	57,050	60,900	54,050
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	47,920	44,840	46,160	47,920	44,840
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	110,940	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,165	11,350	10,820	20.0	21.1	18.9
0 to 5 years	6,530	3,330	3,200	5.9	6.2	5.6
18 to 64 years	65,505	31,960	33,545	59.0	59.5	58.6
65 years and over	23,265	10,410	12,855	21.0	19.4	22.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	11,920	5,470	6,450	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,525	1,300	1,225	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	765	400	365	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,085	2,940	3,150	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,310	1,230	2,080	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.7	10.2	11.3	10.7	10.2	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	11.4	11.5	11.3	11.4	11.5	11.3
0 to 5 years (%)	11.7	12.0	11.4	11.7	12.0	11.4
18 to 64 years (%)	9.3	9.2	9.4	9.3	9.2	9.4
65 years and over (%)	14.2	11.8	16.2	14.2	11.8	16.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	110,935	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,170	11,350	10,815	20.0	21.1	18.9
0 to 5 years	6,530	3,335	3,200	5.9	6.2	5.6
18 to 64 years	65,500	31,960	33,545	59.0	59.5	58.6
65 years and over	23,270	10,415	12,855	21.0	19.4	22.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	6,520	3,140	3,380	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,445	755	695	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	425	225	200	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,850	1,935	1,915	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,225	450	775	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	6.5	6.6	6.4	6.5	6.6	6.4
0 to 5 years (%)	6.5	6.8	6.3	6.5	6.8	6.3
18 to 64 years (%)	5.9	6.1	5.7	5.9	6.1	5.7
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.3	6.0	5.3	4.3	6.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	110,940	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	54,850	25,770	29,085	49.4	48.0	50.8
In bottom decile	10,000	4,660	5,340	9.0	8.7	9.3
In second decile	10,145	4,690	5,455	9.1	8.7	9.5
In third decile	11,640	5,470	6,170	10.5	10.2	10.8
In fourth decile	11,605	5,480	6,125	10.5	10.2	10.7
In fifth decile	11,455	5,460	5,990	10.3	10.2	10.5
In top half of the distribution	56,085	27,955	28,135	50.6	52.0	49.2
In sixth decile	11,060	5,440	5,625	10.0	10.1	9.8
In seventh decile	11,085	5,450	5,635	10.0	10.1	9.8
In eighth decile	10,550	5,280	5,270	9.5	9.8	9.2
In ninth decile	10,620	5,325	5,295	9.6	9.9	9.3
In top decile	12,775	6,460	6,310	11.5	12.0	11.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	110,935	...	...	110,935	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.387	...	...	0.387	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.501	...	...	0.501	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.324	...	...	0.324	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	112,415	53,915	58,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	12,885	6,500	6,385	11.5	12.1	10.9
French only	22,660	9,525	13,135	20.2	17.7	22.5
English and French	72,485	36,035	36,450	64.5	66.8	62.3
Neither English nor French	4,385	1,860	2,530	3.9	3.4	4.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	112,415	53,915	58,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	28,490	14,105	14,380	25.3	26.2	24.6
French	65,335	30,775	34,565	58.1	57.1	59.1
English and French	14,315	7,235	7,075	12.7	13.4	12.1
Neither English nor French	4,280	1,800	2,475	3.8	3.3	4.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	112,415	53,915	58,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,870	50,145	54,725	93.3	93.0	93.5
Official languages	63,940	30,460	33,485	56.9	56.5	57.2
English	13,010	6,450	6,560	11.6	12.0	11.2
French	50,930	24,010	26,920	45.3	44.5	46.0
Non-official languages	40,930	19,690	21,245	36.4	36.5	36.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,915	19,680	21,235	36.4	36.5	36.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,530	2,845	2,685	4.9	5.3	4.6
Berber languages	275	145	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,225	2,680	2,540	4.6	5.0	4.3
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,190	2,665	2,525	4.6	4.9	4.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,740	825	915	1.5	1.5	1.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,585	755	835	1.4	1.4	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	525	190	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Merina	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	365	125	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,040	495	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
Haitian Creole	390	175	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	550	270	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	375	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	195	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,150	8,705	9,440	16.1	16.1	16.1
Albanian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,190	1,010	1,180	1.9	1.9	2.0
Baltic languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,160	995	1,165	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	310	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	1,040	475	560	0.9	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	355	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,070	550	520	1.0	1.0	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	5,035	2,505	2,530	4.5	4.6	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	1,900	950	945	1.7	1.8	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	435	215	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	285	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	360	200	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	540	270	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,130	1,555	1,580	2.8	2.9	2.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,060	1,515	1,545	2.7	2.8	2.6
Dari	1,700	835	860	1.5	1.5	1.5
Iranian Persian	1,150	580	570	1.0	1.1	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,170	4,320	4,850	8.2	8.0	8.3
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	765	405	360	0.7	0.8	0.6
Portuguese	1,130	545	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	1,405	665	735	1.2	1.2	1.3
Spanish	5,875	2,700	3,170	5.2	5.0	5.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	390	155	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	450	220	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	12,085	5,755	6,335	10.8	10.7	10.8
Chinese languages	12,075	5,750	6,330	10.7	10.7	10.8
Hakka	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	6,650	3,130	3,515	5.9	5.8	6.0
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,840	2,340	2,505	4.3	4.3	4.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	275	150	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	205	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,545	3,770	3,775	6.7	7.0	6.5
English and French	2,560	1,260	1,295	2.3	2.3	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,595	800	795	1.4	1.5	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,960	995	965	1.7	1.8	1.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,110	560	550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	325	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	112,415	53,915	58,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	12,520	6,225	6,295	11.1	11.5	10.8
French	45,835	21,470	24,365	40.8	39.8	41.6
Non-official language	16,250	7,795	8,460	14.5	14.5	14.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,250	7,795	8,460	14.5	14.5	14.5
English and French	10,015	4,945	5,070	8.9	9.2	8.7
English and non-official language(s)	7,645	3,735	3,915	6.8	6.9	6.7
French and non-official language(s)	8,450	4,085	4,360	7.5	7.6	7.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,570	5,135	5,435	9.4	9.5	9.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,130	525	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	112,415	53,915	58,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	102,495	49,150	53,335	91.2	91.2	91.2
Official languages	75,000	35,810	39,185	66.7	66.4	67.0
English	19,590	9,680	9,905	17.4	18.0	16.9
French	55,410	26,130	29,275	49.3	48.5	50.0
Non-official languages	27,490	13,340	14,150	24.5	24.7	24.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	27,490	13,340	14,150	24.5	24.7	24.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,940	1,475	1,460	2.6	2.7	2.5
Berber languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,820	1,420	1,405	2.5	2.6	2.4
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,810	1,415	1,395	2.5	2.6	2.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,115	530	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,055	510	545	0.9	0.9	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	215	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	510	225	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	150	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	320	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,585	5,650	5,940	10.3	10.5	10.2
Albanian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,355	650	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,350	650	700	1.2	1.2	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	290	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	795	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	505	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	3,635	1,800	1,835	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,165	580	585	1.0	1.1	1.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	270	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	225	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	355	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,470	1,220	1,255	2.2	2.3	2.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,425	1,200	1,225	2.2	2.2	2.1
Dari	1,280	620	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
Iranian Persian	980	495	485	0.9	0.9	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,890	2,855	3,035	5.2	5.3	5.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	710	360	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Romanian	930	465	465	0.8	0.9	0.8
Spanish	4,120	1,965	2,150	3.7	3.6	3.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	310	130	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	25	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,090	4,860	5,225	9.0	9.0	8.9
Chinese languages	10,085	4,860	5,220	9.0	9.0	8.9
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,840	2,840	3,005	5.2	5.3	5.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,890	1,855	2,030	3.5	3.4	3.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,925	4,765	5,160	8.8	8.8	8.8
English and French	3,270	1,590	1,680	2.9	2.9	2.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,175	1,060	1,120	1.9	2.0	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	2,790	1,335	1,460	2.5	2.5	2.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,550	720	830	1.4	1.3	1.4
Multiple non-official languages	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	112,415	53,915	58,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	81,725	38,935	42,795	72.7	72.2	73.2
English	8,515	4,185	4,335	7.6	7.8	7.4
French	6,740	3,310	3,430	6.0	6.1	5.9
Non-official language	7,495	3,540	3,955	6.7	6.6	6.8
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,490	3,540	3,950	6.7	6.6	6.8
English and French	2,990	1,520	1,470	2.7	2.8	2.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,290	1,105	1,180	2.0	2.0	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,745	855	885	1.6	1.6	1.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	375	175	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	545	290	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	110,940	53,725	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	106,590	51,865	54,725	96.1	96.5	95.6
English	84,560	42,400	42,160	76.2	78.9	73.7
French	93,790	45,340	48,455	84.5	84.4	84.7
Non-official languages	56,195	27,115	29,075	50.7	50.5	50.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	56,195	27,115	29,075	50.7	50.5	50.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,965	4,640	4,325	8.1	8.6	7.6
Berber languages	475	245	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kabyle	390	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,685	4,490	4,200	7.8	8.4	7.3
Amharic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,415	4,330	4,085	7.6	8.1	7.1
Aramaic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,185	1,045	1,140	2.0	1.9	2.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	235	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,970	955	1,015	1.8	1.8	1.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	910	385	525	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	75	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	585	245	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Waray-Waray	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	2,460	1,165	1,290	2.2	2.2	2.3
Haitian Creole	1,240	570	670	1.1	1.1	1.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,070	545	525	1.0	1.0	0.9
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	605	305	300	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kannada	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,075	13,080	13,995	24.4	24.3	24.5
Albanian	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	300	155	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	3,130	1,460	1,660	2.8	2.7	2.9
Baltic languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,105	1,450	1,655	2.8	2.7	2.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	470	225	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	490	180	305	0.4	0.3	0.5
Russian	1,865	930	935	1.7	1.7	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	230	80	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,165	580	585	1.1	1.1	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	965	485	475	0.9	0.9	0.8
German	930	470	465	0.8	0.9	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,545	750	795	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indo-Iranian languages	6,820	3,440	3,385	6.1	6.4	5.9
Indo-Aryan languages	3,440	1,765	1,675	3.1	3.3	2.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	565	300	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Gujarati	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,325	645	680	1.2	1.2	1.2
Kacchi	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	680	345	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,515	800	710	1.4	1.5	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,740	1,880	1,860	3.4	3.5	3.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	3,635	1,835	1,800	3.3	3.4	3.1
Dari	1,940	1,000	935	1.7	1.9	1.6
Iranian Persian	1,545	770	770	1.4	1.4	1.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,280	7,245	8,030	13.8	13.5	14.0
Catalan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,075	1,050	1,030	1.9	2.0	1.8
Portuguese	1,750	880	870	1.6	1.6	1.5
Romanian	1,705	855	855	1.5	1.6	1.5
Spanish	11,020	5,120	5,905	9.9	9.5	10.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	275	150	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korean	585	245	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,060	540	520	1.0	1.0	0.9
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lingala	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195	80	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	45	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	14,205	6,705	7,500	12.8	12.5	13.1
Chinese languages	14,180	6,700	7,475	12.8	12.5	13.1
Hakka	235	95	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mandarin	9,760	4,605	5,160	8.8	8.6	9.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	345	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	6,240	2,860	3,375	5.6	5.3	5.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	490	255	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	375	225	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,940	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	630	310	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	575	290	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	340	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	230	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	110,310	53,415	56,895	99.4	99.4	99.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,940	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	110,805	53,660	57,145	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	31,390	...	...	67.6	...	...
Renter	15,045	...	...	32.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	14,340	...	...	30.9	...	...
Not condominium	32,095	...	...	69.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	6,355	...	...	13.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,275	...	...	30.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,325	...	...	28.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	12,355	...	...	26.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	17,100	...	...	36.8	...	...
5 rooms	7,330	...	...	15.8	...	...
6 rooms	4,645	...	...	10.0	...	...
7 rooms	4,830	...	...	10.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,535	...	...	27.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,715	...	...	98.4	...	...
More than one person per room	725	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,555	...	...	95.9	...	...
Not suitable	1,885	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	5,185	...	...	11.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	16,160	...	...	34.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,520	...	...	16.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,195	...	...	6.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,175	...	...	6.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,095	...	...	8.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,395	...	...	7.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,710	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	43,870	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,565	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	24,580	...	...	52.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,170	...	...	43.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,690	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	755	...	...	1.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,420	...	...	11.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,525	...	...	18.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,465	...	...	18.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,500	...	...	18.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,960	...	...	17.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,210	...	...	11.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,600	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,255	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	37,175	...	...	80.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,085	...	...	19.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,135	...	...	17.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	12,550	...	...	27.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,235	...	...	17.7	...	...
Not suitable only	1,450	...	...	3.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,910	...	...	4.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	295	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	520	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	105	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,890	...	...	73.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	2,780	...	...	6.1	...	...
Not in core need	42,530	...	...	93.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,395	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.5	...	...	59.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	13.9	...	...	13.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,240	...	...	1,240	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,400	...	...	1,400	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	492,000	...	...	492,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	554,000	...	...	554,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	15,045	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.7	...	...	31.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.1	...	...	13.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,080	...	...	1,080	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,175	...	...	1,175	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	110,935	53,720	57,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	360	145	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	355	145	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	320	135	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,315	595	725	1.2	1.1	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,315	595	720	1.2	1.1	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,195	520	675	1.1	1.0	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	120	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	109,265	52,980	56,280	98.5	98.6	98.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	110,935	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	97,695	47,380	50,320	88.1	88.2	87.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,505	10,020	9,480	17.6	18.7	16.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,190	37,355	40,835	70.5	69.5	71.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,245	6,340	6,900	11.9	11.8	12.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	110,935	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	67,290	32,495	34,790	60.7	60.5	60.8
Immigrants⁸¹	39,900	19,265	20,635	36.0	35.9	36.1
Before 1980	5,945	3,080	2,860	5.4	5.7	5.0
1980 to 1990	4,810	2,280	2,530	4.3	4.2	4.4
1991 to 2000	7,460	3,680	3,785	6.7	6.9	6.6
2001 to 2010	10,175	4,715	5,460	9.2	8.8	9.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,510	5,515	6,000	10.4	10.3	10.5
2011 to 2015	5,785	2,740	3,050	5.2	5.1	5.3
2016 to 2021	5,725	2,775	2,945	5.2	5.2	5.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,745	1,960	1,790	3.4	3.6	3.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,900	19,270	20,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,165	1,610	1,550	7.9	8.4	7.5
5 to 14 years	6,300	3,270	3,025	15.8	17.0	14.7
15 to 24 years	7,040	3,215	3,825	17.6	16.7	18.5
25 to 44 years	19,745	9,405	10,335	49.5	48.8	50.1
45 years and over	3,655	1,755	1,895	9.2	9.1	9.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,900	19,270	20,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,420	3,045	3,370	16.1	15.8	16.3
Brazil	325	175	145	0.8	0.9	0.7
Colombia	1,355	630	720	3.4	3.3	3.5
El Salvador	125	55	75	0.3	0.3	0.4
Guyana	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	840	375	470	2.1	1.9	2.3
Jamaica	65	25	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mexico	285	115	175	0.7	0.6	0.8
Peru	615	275	340	1.5	1.4	1.6
Trinidad and Tobago	150	75	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	540	300	240	1.4	1.6	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	2,025	980	1,045	5.1	5.1	5.1
Europe	6,880	3,275	3,605	17.2	17.0	17.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	75	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	1,405	685	720	3.5	3.6	3.5
Germany	190	110	75	0.5	0.6	0.4
Greece	450	215	240	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hungary	60	40	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italy	420	240	185	1.1	1.2	0.9
Netherlands	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	265	90	175	0.7	0.5	0.8
Portugal	425	195	230	1.1	1.0	1.1
Romania	1,200	570	630	3.0	3.0	3.1
Russian Federation	365	175	195	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	60	25	30	0.2	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	235	100	130	0.6	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	315	140	175	0.8	0.7	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	1,330	600	725	3.3	3.1	3.5
Africa	7,375	3,855	3,520	18.5	20.0	17.1
Algeria	1,140	580	560	2.9	3.0	2.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	195	85	105	0.5	0.4	0.5
Egypt	930	470	465	2.3	2.4	2.3
Eritrea	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Morocco	1,685	895	795	4.2	4.6	3.9
Nigeria	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	3,320	1,775	1,550	8.3	9.2	7.5
Asia	19,200	9,075	10,130	48.1	47.1	49.1
Afghanistan	1,385	690	695	3.5	3.6	3.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,255	635	625	3.1	3.3	3.0
Iraq	220	110	105	0.6	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	825	465	360	2.1	2.4	1.7
Syria⁸⁹	300	160	140	0.8	0.8	0.7
Turkey	230	130	95	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	7,200	3,180	4,020	18.0	16.5	19.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,160	605	555	2.9	3.1	2.7
Korea, South⁹²	390	170	220	1.0	0.9	1.1
Taiwan	335	130	210	0.8	0.7	1.0
Philippines	580	235	345	1.5	1.2	1.7
Viet Nam	1,445	680	770	3.6	3.5	3.7
Bangladesh	335	165	165	0.8	0.9	0.8
India	1,105	550	555	2.8	2.9	2.7
Pakistan	720	375	345	1.8	1.9	1.7
Sri Lanka	115	45	75	0.3	0.2	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,590	750	845	4.0	3.9	4.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,725	2,775	2,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	820	405	410	14.3	14.6	13.9
Brazil	85	40	45	1.5	1.4	1.5
Colombia	260	110	150	4.5	4.0	5.1
Haiti	35	15	15	0.6	0.5	0.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	55	25	35	1.0	0.9	1.2
United States of America	110	65	40	1.9	2.3	1.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	60	30	1.6	2.2	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	180	95	85	3.1	3.4	2.9
Europe	515	260	255	9.0	9.4	8.7
France	215	110	100	3.8	4.0	3.4
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	95	40	50	1.7	1.4	1.7
Ukraine	55	25	30	1.0	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	135	65	70	2.4	2.3	2.4
Africa	1,265	645	625	22.1	23.2	21.2
Algeria	235	110	125	4.1	4.0	4.2
Burundi	80	55	25	1.4	2.0	0.8
Cameroon	70	30	35	1.2	1.1	1.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	90	40	50	1.6	1.4	1.7
Côte d'Ivoire	70	35	30	1.2	1.3	1.0
Egypt	65	30	40	1.1	1.1	1.4
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	190	110	85	3.3	4.0	2.9
Nigeria	30	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	165	80	85	2.9	2.9	2.9
Other places of birth in Africa	240	125	115	4.2	4.5	3.9
Asia	3,110	1,455	1,655	54.3	52.4	56.2
Afghanistan	435	220	210	7.6	7.9	7.1
Bangladesh	45	20	30	0.8	0.7	1.0
China⁹⁰	1,335	580	755	23.3	20.9	25.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
India	305	155	145	5.3	5.6	4.9
Iran⁸⁸	265	125	135	4.6	4.5	4.6
Iraq	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	65	40	30	1.1	1.4	1.0
Lebanon	50	40	0	0.9	1.4	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	130	75	55	2.3	2.7	1.9
Philippines	55	15	35	1.0	0.5	1.2
Saudi Arabia	30	10	25	0.5	0.4	0.8
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	140	75	65	2.4	2.7	2.2
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.5
Viet Nam	55	10	45	1.0	0.4	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	135	60	75	2.4	2.2	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	15	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	110,940	53,725	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,800	21,715	23,080	40.4	40.4	40.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	22,555	11,375	11,185	20.3	21.2	19.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	43,585	20,625	22,950	39.3	38.4	40.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,960	16,185	17,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,820	10,645	10,175	61.3	65.8	57.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,010	5,575	3,440	26.5	34.4	19.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,805	5,070	6,740	34.8	31.3	37.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,825	2,850	4,980	23.0	17.6	28.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,900	2,470	2,430	14.4	15.3	13.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	415	215	195	1.2	1.3	1.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,960	16,185	17,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,135	1,090	1,050	6.3	6.7	5.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,175	1,090	1,085	6.4	6.7	6.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,105	555	550	3.3	3.4	3.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,895	1,070	825	5.6	6.6	4.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245	100	145	0.7	0.6	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	26,405	12,285	14,125	77.8	75.9	79.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	110,940	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	47,755	23,545	24,215	43.0	43.8	42.3
South Asian	4,595	2,405	2,185	4.1	4.5	3.8
Chinese	14,760	7,020	7,745	13.3	13.1	13.5
Black	6,340	3,115	3,230	5.7	5.8	5.6
Filipino	855	395	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Arab	7,155	3,730	3,425	6.4	6.9	6.0
Latin American	5,265	2,530	2,735	4.7	4.7	4.8
Southeast Asian	2,650	1,320	1,335	2.4	2.5	2.3
West Asian	3,340	1,725	1,615	3.0	3.2	2.8
Korean	640	300	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Japanese	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	320	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,715	785	925	1.5	1.5	1.6
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	63,180	30,175	33,000	56.9	56.2	57.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	110,935	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	16,075	7,700	8,375	14.5	14.3	14.6
English	2,900	1,350	1,550	2.6	2.5	2.7
Irish	5,080	2,465	2,620	4.6	4.6	4.6
Scottish	2,870	1,290	1,580	2.6	2.4	2.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	20,230	9,585	10,640	18.2	17.8	18.6
German	1,930	900	1,035	1.7	1.7	1.8
Chinese	14,500	6,930	7,570	13.1	12.9	13.2
Italian	4,120	1,990	2,130	3.7	3.7	3.7
Indian (India)	2,345	1,230	1,125	2.1	2.3	2.0
Ukrainian	845	375	470	0.8	0.7	0.8
Dutch	310	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	1,205	540	665	1.1	1.0	1.2
Québécois	5,795	2,820	2,980	5.2	5.2	5.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	695	320	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Filipino	915	420	500	0.8	0.8	0.9
French Canadian	4,345	1,965	2,385	3.9	3.7	4.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,100	535	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	795	365	435	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,035	555	475	0.9	1.0	0.8
Russian	1,325	585	735	1.2	1.1	1.3
Norwegian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	1,465	675	790	1.3	1.3	1.4
American	570	265	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	2,010	980	1,035	1.8	1.8	1.8
Swedish	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	570	270	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	660	320	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pakistani	1,080	565	515	1.0	1.1	0.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,210	600	600	1.1	1.1	1.0
Jewish	500	270	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Punjabi	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	2,515	1,230	1,295	2.3	2.3	2.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,865	1,515	1,345	2.6	2.8	2.4
Greek	2,125	1,035	1,090	1.9	1.9	1.9
Jamaican	245	95	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	850	395	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	705	340	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	1,765	890	880	1.6	1.7	1.5
Lebanese	1,670	870	795	1.5	1.6	1.4
Iranian	1,485	740	750	1.3	1.4	1.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	625	325	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
Danish	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austrian	165	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Belgian	695	335	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	1,760	800	965	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hindu	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	505	225	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Finnish	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	195	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Muslim	590	280	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Egyptian	1,370	700	675	1.2	1.3	1.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	890	445	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tamil	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,725	845	880	1.6	1.6	1.5
Moroccan	1,805	955	850	1.6	1.8	1.5
Czech	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	440	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyanese	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Afghan	1,710	890	825	1.5	1.7	1.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	345	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	445	205	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ontarian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian	360	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	275	130	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkish	355	210	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	350	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	1,170	630	545	1.1	1.2	1.0
Brazilian	435	240	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nigerian	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	505	250	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Slovak	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	435	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraqi	255	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Salvadorean	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	285	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	200	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	255	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	160	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	160	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	280	160	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chilean	500	255	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Congolese	265	135	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	860	370	490	0.8	0.7	0.9
Yoruba	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	420	215	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber	670	355	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Canadian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	540	280	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albertan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	215	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	525	295	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	515	250	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	190	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guatemalan	160	100	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	165	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Estonian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Thai	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	190	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	285	150	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Assyrian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	100	15	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	265	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	230	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	640	325	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kenyan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malayali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	160	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Libyan	50	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
St. Lucian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	110,940	53,720	57,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,440	1,095	1,345	2.2	2.0	2.4
Christian	57,670	26,400	31,270	52.0	49.1	54.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,255	2,910	3,345	5.6	5.4	5.8
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	790	355	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Baptist	410	220	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Catholic	42,020	19,205	22,810	37.9	35.8	39.9
Christian Orthodox	4,555	2,160	2,395	4.1	4.0	4.2
Jehovah's Witness	295	135	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	530	215	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	190	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	400	165	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,920	825	1,095	1.7	1.5	1.9
Hindu	1,445	720	725	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jewish	470	250	220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Muslim	13,860	7,090	6,770	12.5	13.2	11.8
Sikh	265	140	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	365	155	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	34,425	17,875	16,555	31.0	33.3	28.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	109,950	53,170	56,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	97,450	46,845	50,605	88.6	88.1	89.1
Movers	12,495	6,320	6,175	11.4	11.9	10.9
Non-migrants	5,210	2,595	2,615	4.7	4.9	4.6
Migrants	7,285	3,725	3,560	6.6	7.0	6.3
Internal migrants	6,155	3,185	2,965	5.6	6.0	5.2
Intraprovincial migrants	5,800	3,000	2,795	5.3	5.6	4.9
Interprovincial migrants	360	185	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	1,130	540	590	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	105,690	50,920	54,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,605	29,885	32,725	59.2	58.7	59.7
Movers	43,085	21,035	22,050	40.8	41.3	40.3
Non-migrants	11,625	5,735	5,885	11.0	11.3	10.7
Migrants	31,460	15,300	16,165	29.8	30.0	29.5
Internal migrants	24,045	11,700	12,340	22.8	23.0	22.5
Intraprovincial migrants	22,685	11,030	11,655	21.5	21.7	21.3
Interprovincial migrants	1,360	675	685	1.3	1.3	1.3
External migrants	7,420	3,595	3,825	7.0	7.1	7.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,505	6,180	6,320	13.5	14.0	13.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	79,860	38,010	41,855	86.5	86.0	86.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,405	27,690	29,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,685	2,525	2,160	8.2	9.1	7.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,720	25,165	27,550	91.8	90.9	92.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,360	44,195	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,295	5,440	5,860	12.2	12.3	12.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,600	8,420	9,175	19.1	19.1	19.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	63,470	30,335	33,135	68.7	68.6	68.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,225	12,875	14,350	29.5	29.1	29.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,205	4,065	3,145	7.8	9.2	6.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,080	2,530	2,550	5.5	5.7	5.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,130	1,535	595	2.3	3.5	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,540	6,830	8,705	16.8	15.5	18.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,475	1,980	2,500	4.8	4.5	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	36,245	17,460	18,785	39.2	39.5	39.0
Bachelor's degree	21,360	9,840	11,520	23.1	22.3	23.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,530	1,615	1,915	3.8	3.7	4.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,160	505	660	1.3	1.1	1.4
Master's degree	8,665	4,560	4,105	9.4	10.3	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,530	940	590	1.7	2.1	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,400	27,690	29,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,915	2,035	1,880	6.8	7.3	6.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,220	4,210	4,010	14.3	15.2	13.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,270	21,445	23,820	78.9	77.4	80.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,250	8,500	8,745	30.1	30.7	29.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,140	2,850	2,285	9.0	10.3	7.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,630	1,795	1,835	6.3	6.5	6.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,510	1,060	450	2.6	3.8	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,250	4,330	4,920	16.1	15.6	16.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,865	1,320	1,550	5.0	4.8	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,015	12,940	15,070	48.8	46.7	50.7
Bachelor's degree	16,395	7,380	9,010	28.6	26.7	30.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,750	1,170	1,585	4.8	4.2	5.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	820	295	525	1.4	1.1	1.8
Master's degree	6,960	3,490	3,465	12.1	12.6	11.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,095	605	485	1.9	2.2	1.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,895	13,860	15,035	31.3	31.4	31.2
Education	3,420	610	2,810	3.7	1.4	5.8
13. Education	3,420	610	2,810	3.7	1.4	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,460	1,010	1,455	2.7	2.3	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	190	45	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,225	820	1,410	2.4	1.9	2.9
Humanities	3,930	1,225	2,700	4.3	2.8	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	910	225	690	1.0	0.5	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	450	95	355	0.5	0.2	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,535	525	1,015	1.7	1.2	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	20	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	70	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	245	100	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	435	95	340	0.5	0.2	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,890	2,945	4,940	8.5	6.7	10.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,000	280	725	1.1	0.6	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	925	120	810	1.0	0.3	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,930	825	1,105	2.1	1.9	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	155	40	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	950	265	690	1.0	0.6	1.4
45. Social sciences	2,865	1,405	1,460	3.1	3.2	3.0
Business, management and public administration	18,340	8,220	10,120	19.9	18.6	21.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	485	140	345	0.5	0.3	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	17,855	8,080	9,780	19.3	18.3	20.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,890	1,530	1,360	3.1	3.5	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,105	480	625	1.2	1.1	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	595	330	260	0.6	0.7	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	930	610	320	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,240	2,755	1,485	4.6	6.2	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,410	2,375	1,035	3.7	5.4	2.1
25. Library science	180	25	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	555	290	265	0.6	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,605	8,960	1,645	11.5	20.3	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	540	290	255	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	5,315	4,320	1,000	5.8	9.8	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,865	1,575	290	2.0	3.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,065	1,025	40	1.2	2.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,215	1,170	40	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	600	580	15	0.6	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	655	280	380	0.7	0.6	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	200	265	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	190	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	6,805	1,585	5,225	7.4	3.6	10.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	320	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,110	1,270	4,840	6.6	2.9	10.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	350	165	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,220	1,210	1,015	2.4	2.7	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,330	445	890	1.4	1.0	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	425	355	70	0.5	0.8	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	460	415	45	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	57,405	27,690	29,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	12,135	6,240	5,890	21.1	22.5	19.8
Education	1,890	290	1,605	3.3	1.0	5.4
13. Education	1,890	290	1,605	3.3	1.0	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,835	765	1,065	3.2	2.8	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	185	155	30	0.3	0.6	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,650	610	1,040	2.9	2.2	3.5
Humanities	2,375	720	1,655	4.1	2.6	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	600	120	485	1.0	0.4	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	355	75	280	0.6	0.3	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	850	325	525	1.5	1.2	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	145	60	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	260	50	205	0.5	0.2	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,640	1,970	3,675	9.8	7.1	12.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	820	225	590	1.4	0.8	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	645	80	575	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,385	520	870	2.4	1.9	2.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	25	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	590	155	435	1.0	0.6	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,065	965	1,100	3.6	3.5	3.7
Business, management and public administration	13,725	5,940	7,780	23.9	21.5	26.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	325	90	235	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,400	5,855	7,550	23.3	21.1	25.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,820	920	895	3.2	3.3	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	865	365	500	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	280	155	125	0.5	0.6	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	595	365	230	1.0	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,480	2,305	1,180	6.1	8.3	4.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,970	2,080	895	5.2	7.5	3.0
25. Library science	95	0	90	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	355	180	170	0.6	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,895	6,435	1,455	13.8	23.2	4.9
04. Architecture and related services	400	190	215	0.7	0.7	0.7
14. Engineering	4,205	3,285	920	7.3	11.9	3.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,265	1,015	245	2.2	3.7	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	835	795	40	1.5	2.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	810	785	20	1.4	2.8	0.1
48. Precision production	365	355	15	0.6	1.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	525	205	320	0.9	0.7	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	375	145	235	0.7	0.5	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	150	55	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	4,420	1,020	3,400	7.7	3.7	11.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	240	105	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,925	815	3,110	6.8	2.9	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	240	90	150	0.4	0.3	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,665	885	780	2.9	3.2	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,005	315	685	1.8	1.1	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	305	255	50	0.5	0.9	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	345	300	45	0.6	1.1	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	57,405	27,690	29,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,135	6,240	5,890	21.1	22.5	19.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,265	21,450	23,820	78.9	77.5	80.2
Location of study inside Canada	32,780	15,595	17,180	57.1	56.3	57.8
Same as province or territory of residence	31,410	14,910	16,500	54.7	53.8	55.5
Different than province or territory of residence	1,370	690	680	2.4	2.5	2.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,490	5,850	6,645	21.8	21.1	22.4
Americas	2,555	1,195	1,355	4.5	4.3	4.6
United States of America	570	280	290	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mexico	160	65	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	310	165	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
Colombia	700	325	380	1.2	1.2	1.3
Peru	160	75	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	265	120	150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other locations of study in Americas	240	115	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Europe	3,265	1,700	1,565	5.7	6.1	5.3
Belgium	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,340	750	585	2.3	2.7	2.0
Germany	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	40	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	125	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	515	260	260	0.9	0.9	0.9
Russian Federation	215	105	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	150	65	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	285	125	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	345	160	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Africa	1,765	790	970	3.1	2.9	3.3
Nigeria	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	375	165	205	0.7	0.6	0.7
Morocco	405	205	200	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tunisia	205	100	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egypt	300	120	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	430	175	260	0.7	0.6	0.9
Asia	4,830	2,105	2,730	8.4	7.6	9.2
Iran⁸⁸	470	205	270	0.8	0.7	0.9
Iraq	35	0	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israel	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	220	80	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,325	1,045	1,280	4.1	3.8	4.3
Taiwan	75	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	70	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	110	30	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Philippines	185	70	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Viet Nam	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	110	35	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	490	210	285	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pakistan	140	80	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	355	170	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Oceania	80	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	60	45	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
New Zealand	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	92,360	44,195	48,175	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,905	29,750	28,160	...	...	...
Employed	52,705	27,075	25,630	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,200	2,670	2,530	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	34,455	14,445	20,015	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.7	67.3	58.5	62.7	67.3	58.5
Employment rate	57.1	61.3	53.2	57.1	61.3	53.2
Unemployment rate	9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0	9.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	92,365	44,190	48,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,310	14,415	19,890	37.1	32.6	41.3
Worked	58,055	29,775	28,280	62.9	67.4	58.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,430	16,410	14,020	32.9	37.1	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,625	13,365	14,260	29.9	30.2	29.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.5	41.1	39.8	40.5	41.1	39.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,905	29,750	28,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	730	810	2.7	2.5	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,360	29,015	27,345	97.3	97.5	97.1
Employee	47,400	23,580	23,820	81.9	79.3	84.6
Permanent position	39,685	20,075	19,605	68.5	67.5	69.6
Temporary position	7,715	3,500	4,215	13.3	11.8	15.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,045	1,275	1,770	5.3	4.3	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,670	2,225	2,445	8.1	7.5	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,965	5,445	3,520	15.5	18.3	12.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,905	29,750	28,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	730	810	2.7	2.5	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,360	29,015	27,345	97.3	97.5	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,370	915	455	2.4	3.1	1.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,745	4,725	8,025	22.0	15.9	28.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,575	5,660	1,910	13.1	19.0	6.8
3 Health occupations	4,020	990	3,030	6.9	3.3	10.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,255	1,965	4,285	10.8	6.6	15.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,990	820	1,170	3.4	2.8	4.2
6 Sales and service occupations	15,150	7,805	7,340	26.2	26.2	26.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,415	4,905	510	9.4	16.5	1.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	260	205	55	0.4	0.7	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,590	1,030	560	2.7	3.5	2.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,905	29,750	28,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,540	730	810	2.7	2.5	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	56,360	29,015	27,345	97.3	97.5	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	160	110	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	480	280	195	0.8	0.9	0.7
23 Construction	1,995	1,605	390	3.4	5.4	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	4,130	2,720	1,410	7.1	9.1	5.0
41 Wholesale trade	1,915	1,160	760	3.3	3.9	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	6,685	3,520	3,170	11.5	11.8	11.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,765	2,035	735	4.8	6.8	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	1,900	1,080	830	3.3	3.6	2.9
52 Finance and insurance	4,680	2,240	2,440	8.1	7.5	8.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,360	710	650	2.3	2.4	2.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,075	4,770	3,305	13.9	16.0	11.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	175	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,990	1,140	850	3.4	3.8	3.0
61 Educational services	3,935	1,205	2,735	6.8	4.1	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	6,340	1,490	4,850	10.9	5.0	17.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	865	390	475	1.5	1.3	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	4,210	2,360	1,850	7.3	7.9	6.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,820	760	1,060	3.1	2.6	3.8
91 Public administration	2,780	1,290	1,490	4.8	4.3	5.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,780	31,595	30,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,840	4,365	3,475	12.7	13.8	11.5
French	22,205	10,835	11,375	35.9	34.3	37.7
Non-official language	1,020	475	545	1.7	1.5	1.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,020	475	545	1.7	1.5	1.8
English and French	27,220	14,170	13,050	44.1	44.8	43.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,170	640	535	1.9	2.0	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	455	200	255	0.7	0.6	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,745	840	910	2.8	2.7	3.0
Multiple non-official languages	130	75	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,780	31,595	30,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	54,570	28,000	26,575	88.3	88.6	88.0
Official languages	52,755	27,120	25,635	85.4	85.8	84.9
English	15,350	8,325	7,020	24.8	26.3	23.3
French	37,405	18,790	18,615	60.5	59.5	61.7
Non-official languages	1,820	880	940	2.9	2.8	3.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,820	880	940	2.9	2.8	3.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	55	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	325	155	170	0.5	0.5	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	180	80	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	150	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,355	665	690	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese languages	1,355	665	690	2.2	2.1	2.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	730	330	400	1.2	1.0	1.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	625	335	290	1.0	1.1	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,210	3,595	3,615	11.7	11.4	12.0
English and French	6,455	3,250	3,210	10.4	10.3	10.6
English and non-official language(s)	355	165	190	0.6	0.5	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	145	80	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	230	90	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,780	31,595	30,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	37,685	18,960	18,725	61.0	60.0	62.0
English	14,830	7,815	7,015	24.0	24.7	23.2
French	6,895	3,610	3,285	11.2	11.4	10.9
Non-official language	1,085	580	510	1.8	1.8	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,085	580	510	1.8	1.8	1.7
English and French	100	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	620	305	315	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	365	165	195	0.6	0.5	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	170	105	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,705	27,080	25,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,295	9,070	9,225	34.7	33.5	36.0
Worked outside Canada	265	195	65	0.5	0.7	0.3
No fixed workplace address	4,255	3,100	1,160	8.1	11.4	4.5
Usual place of work	29,890	14,715	15,180	56.7	54.3	59.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,890	14,715	15,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	7,890	3,545	4,350	26.4	24.1	28.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,360	3,685	3,680	24.6	25.0	24.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	14,585	7,445	7,145	48.8	50.6	47.1
Commute to a different province or territory	50	45	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,150	17,810	16,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,480	14,565	11,915	77.5	81.8	72.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,430	13,845	10,585	71.5	77.7	64.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,055	720	1,335	6.0	4.0	8.2
Public transit	4,915	1,915	3,000	14.4	10.8	18.4
Walked	1,475	615	860	4.3	3.5	5.3
Bicycle	530	355	175	1.6	2.0	1.1
Other method	740	355	385	2.2	2.0	2.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,150	17,810	16,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,445	3,390	4,060	21.8	19.0	24.9
15 to 29 minutes	13,340	7,190	6,155	39.1	40.4	37.7
30 to 44 minutes	8,320	4,750	3,560	24.4	26.7	21.8
45 to 59 minutes	2,980	1,530	1,460	8.7	8.6	8.9
60 minutes and over	2,060	950	1,110	6.0	5.3	6.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,150	17,810	16,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,495	1,240	250	4.4	7.0	1.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,290	2,560	1,730	12.6	14.4	10.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,895	4,150	4,745	26.0	23.3	29.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,650	3,455	4,195	22.4	19.4	25.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,585	3,210	3,380	19.3	18.0	20.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,235	3,190	2,045	15.3	17.9	12.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,565	11,565	11,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,370	3,295	3,070	28.2	28.5	27.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,195	8,265	7,925	71.8	71.5	72.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,855	8,650	8,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,050	2,600	2,445	30.0	30.1	29.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,110	2,115	1,995	24.4	24.5	24.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	935	485	455	5.5	5.6	5.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,805	6,050	5,755	70.0	69.9	70.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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