Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	BourassaMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	105,637	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	101,032	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	47,119	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	44,587	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	7,802.7	...	...	7,802.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	13.54	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	105,635	51,090	54,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,840	10,100	9,735	18.8	19.8	17.8
0 to 4 years	7,045	3,575	3,475	6.7	7.0	6.4
5 to 9 years	6,685	3,405	3,275	6.3	6.7	6.0
10 to 14 years	6,110	3,125	2,985	5.8	6.1	5.5
15 to 64 years	65,670	32,455	33,215	62.2	63.5	60.9
15 to 19 years	5,385	2,705	2,680	5.1	5.3	4.9
20 to 24 years	6,130	3,045	3,080	5.8	6.0	5.6
25 to 29 years	6,455	3,120	3,340	6.1	6.1	6.1
30 to 34 years	6,810	3,200	3,610	6.4	6.3	6.6
35 to 39 years	7,075	3,385	3,700	6.7	6.6	6.8
40 to 44 years	7,345	3,615	3,730	7.0	7.1	6.8
45 to 49 years	6,615	3,370	3,245	6.3	6.6	5.9
50 to 54 years	6,790	3,535	3,255	6.4	6.9	6.0
55 to 59 years	6,660	3,425	3,235	6.3	6.7	5.9
60 to 64 years	6,400	3,055	3,340	6.1	6.0	6.1
65 years and over	20,130	8,535	11,595	19.1	16.7	21.3
65 to 69 years	5,335	2,520	2,815	5.1	4.9	5.2
70 to 74 years	4,740	2,150	2,590	4.5	4.2	4.7
75 to 79 years	3,650	1,590	2,065	3.5	3.1	3.8
80 to 84 years	3,010	1,240	1,770	2.8	2.4	3.2
85 years and over	3,390	1,030	2,360	3.2	2.0	4.3
85 to 89 years	2,150	765	1,385	2.0	1.5	2.5
90 to 94 years	980	220	760	0.9	0.4	1.4
95 to 99 years	230	35	190	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	35	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.8	19.8	17.8	18.8	19.8	17.8
15 to 64 years	62.2	63.5	60.9	62.2	63.5	60.9
65 years and over	19.1	16.7	21.3	19.1	16.7	21.3
85 years and over	3.2	2.0	4.3	3.2	2.0	4.3
Average age of the population	41.1	39.8	42.3	41.1	39.8	42.3
Median age of the population	40.8	40.0	41.6	40.8	40.0	41.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	44,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	3,000	...	...	6.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,415	...	...	3.2	...	...
Row house	435	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,340	...	...	16.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	28,635	...	...	64.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,565	...	...	8.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	195	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	44,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	17,090	...	...	38.3	...	...
2 persons	12,165	...	...	27.3	...	...
3 persons	6,290	...	...	14.1	...	...
4 persons	5,090	...	...	11.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,950	...	...	8.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	102,390	49,705	52,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	85,800	40,985	44,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	38,090	19,245	18,845	44.4	47.0	42.1
Married	28,730	14,565	14,170	33.5	35.5	31.6
Living common-law	9,355	4,685	4,675	10.9	11.4	10.4
Living common law - Never married	7,435	3,670	3,765	8.7	9.0	8.4
Living common law - Separated	230	125	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,505	790	715	1.8	1.9	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	47,710	21,745	25,965	55.6	53.1	57.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	30,980	16,275	14,700	36.1	39.7	32.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,625	1,155	1,470	3.1	2.8	3.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,690	3,160	5,530	10.1	7.7	12.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,415	1,155	4,260	6.3	2.8	9.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,770	...	...	45.9	...	...
3 persons	5,905	...	...	23.0	...	...
4 persons	4,770	...	...	18.6	...	...
5 or more persons	3,210	...	...	12.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	17,870	...	...	69.6	...	...
Married couples	13,210	...	...	51.5	...	...
With children⁶	8,465	...	...	33.0	...	...
Without children	4,740	...	...	18.5	...	...
Common-law couples	4,665	...	...	18.2	...	...
With children⁶	2,335	...	...	9.1	...	...
Without children	2,325	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,790	...	...	30.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,455	...	...	25.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,335	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	102,390	49,705	52,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	77,635	37,150	40,485	75.8	74.7	76.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	35,740	17,865	17,870	34.9	35.9	33.9
Parents in one-parent families	7,790	1,335	6,455	7.6	2.7	12.3
Children⁶	34,105	17,950	16,160	33.3	36.1	30.7
In a two-parent family	21,900	11,435	10,465	21.4	23.0	19.9
In a one-parent family	12,200	6,510	5,690	11.9	13.1	10.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	24,755	12,555	12,200	24.2	25.3	23.2
Living alone	17,090	8,045	9,045	16.7	16.2	17.2
Living with other relatives⁷	3,370	1,625	1,745	3.3	3.3	3.3
Living with non-relatives only	4,290	2,885	1,410	4.2	5.8	2.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	44,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,655	...	...	50.8	...	...
Couple-family households	16,350	...	...	36.7	...	...
With children⁶	9,895	...	...	22.2	...	...
Without children	6,455	...	...	14.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,310	...	...	14.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	990	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,330	...	...	3.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,370	...	...	5.3	...	...
One-person households	17,090	...	...	38.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	82,580	39,625	42,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,135	37,940	41,190	95.8	95.7	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,400	32,000	33,200	34,400	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,150	37,950	41,200	95.8	95.8	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	31,400	29,800	30,600	31,400	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,805	32,435	33,370	79.7	81.9	77.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	24,600	28,600	21,000	24,600	28,600	21,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,650	27,675	25,970	65.0	69.8	60.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,600	30,400	24,800	27,600	30,400	24,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,945	33,745	38,200	87.1	85.2	88.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,900	10,500	14,800	12,900	10,500	14,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,400	5,240	5,155	12.6	13.2	12.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,060	15,320	13,735	35.2	38.7	32.0
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	82,600	39,675	42,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,160	37,940	41,225	95.8	95.6	96.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,960	40,640	37,360	38,960	40,640	37,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,175	37,950	41,230	95.9	95.7	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,920	34,720	33,200	33,920	34,720	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,610	32,505	33,105	79.4	81.9	77.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,240	28,840	32,000	35,240	28,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,665	27,815	25,845	65.0	70.1	60.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,760	36,040	31,280	33,760	36,040	31,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,040	33,650	38,385	87.2	84.8	89.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,660	11,790	15,280	13,660	11,790	15,280
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,400	5,230	5,170	12.6	13.2	12.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,340	6,000	6,690	6,340	6,000	6,690
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,235	15,550	13,685	35.4	39.2	31.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,160	9,120	9,220	9,160	9,120	9,220
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	82,600	39,680	42,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,295	12,070	10,225	27.0	30.4	23.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	46,000	46,800	44,800	46,000	46,800	44,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	52,200	54,500	49,480	52,200	54,500	49,480
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,520	11,625	11,890	28.5	29.3	27.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	17,800	15,500	16,600	17,800	15,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,680	24,440	20,980	22,680	24,440	20,980
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	68.0	74.2	61.9	68.0	74.2	61.9
Employment income (%)¹⁹	58.8	65.0	52.5	58.8	65.0	52.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	31.9	25.8	38.1	31.9	25.8	38.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	9.9	10.1	9.7	9.9	10.1	9.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	8.7	9.2	8.2	8.7	9.2	8.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	82,580	39,630	42,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,445	1,685	1,765	4.2	4.3	4.1
With total income	79,135	37,940	41,195	95.8	95.7	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,610	3,165	3,440	8.4	8.3	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,205	5,050	6,155	14.2	13.3	14.9
$20,000 to $29,999	17,275	7,770	9,505	21.8	20.5	23.1
$30,000 to $39,999	13,045	6,325	6,715	16.5	16.7	16.3
$40,000 to $49,999	10,935	5,435	5,500	13.8	14.3	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7,330	3,585	3,750	9.3	9.4	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	4,515	2,275	2,245	5.7	6.0	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	2,935	1,505	1,430	3.7	4.0	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	1,880	930	950	2.4	2.5	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,085	550	540	1.4	1.4	1.3
$100,000 and over	2,325	1,360	965	2.9	3.6	2.3
$100,000 to $149,999	1,820	1,005	815	2.3	2.6	2.0
$150,000 and over	505	360	145	0.6	0.9	0.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	82,580	39,630	42,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,435	1,670	1,760	4.2	4.2	4.1
With after-tax income	79,150	37,955	41,195	95.8	95.8	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,800	3,230	3,570	8.6	8.5	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	11,740	5,340	6,400	14.8	14.1	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	20,105	9,300	10,805	25.4	24.5	26.2
$30,000 to $39,999	15,395	7,740	7,660	19.5	20.4	18.6
$40,000 to $49,999	11,285	5,650	5,635	14.3	14.9	13.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6,335	3,080	3,250	8.0	8.1	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	3,545	1,615	1,930	4.5	4.3	4.7
$70,000 to $79,999	1,775	810	965	2.2	2.1	2.3
$80,000 to $89,999	895	440	450	1.1	1.2	1.1
$90,000 to $99,999	520	270	245	0.7	0.7	0.6
$100,000 and over	755	485	275	1.0	1.3	0.7
$100,000 to $124,999	480	280	195	0.6	0.7	0.5
$125,000 and over	280	200	80	0.4	0.5	0.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	82,580	39,630	42,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,930	11,945	16,985	35.0	30.1	39.5
With employment income	53,645	27,680	25,970	65.0	69.8	60.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,940	3,870	4,070	14.8	14.0	15.7
$5,000 to $9,999	5,465	2,595	2,875	10.2	9.4	11.1
$10,000 to $19,999	8,045	3,775	4,275	15.0	13.6	16.5
$20,000 to $29,999	7,030	3,410	3,625	13.1	12.3	14.0
$30,000 to $39,999	6,915	3,770	3,140	12.9	13.6	12.1
$40,000 to $49,999	5,895	3,245	2,650	11.0	11.7	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,110	2,265	1,845	7.7	8.2	7.1
$60,000 to $69,999	2,660	1,520	1,135	5.0	5.5	4.4
$70,000 to $79,999	1,805	1,025	775	3.4	3.7	3.0
$80,000 to $89,999	1,370	725	645	2.6	2.6	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	750	440	310	1.4	1.6	1.2
$100,000 and over	1,670	1,045	630	3.1	3.8	2.4
$100,000 to $124,999	1,000	580	420	1.9	2.1	1.6
$125,000 and over	670	460	205	1.2	1.7	0.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	82,580	39,625	42,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,865	36,735	40,125	93.1	92.7	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,600	30,800	27,200	28,600	30,800	27,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,870	36,735	40,135	93.1	92.7	93.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,000	28,400	25,800	27,000	28,400	25,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,055	31,600	32,455	77.6	79.7	75.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,000	29,800	22,400	26,000	29,800	22,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	52,590	27,130	25,460	63.7	68.5	59.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,400	31,200	25,600	28,400	31,200	25,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,665	30,715	35,950	80.7	77.5	83.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,450	3,960	10,500	7,450	3,960	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,415	3,785	3,625	9.0	9.6	8.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,920	4,800	5,080	4,920	4,800	5,080
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	82,600	39,675	42,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,000	36,720	40,280	93.2	92.6	93.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,960	37,080	33,040	34,960	37,080	33,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,010	36,725	40,280	93.2	92.6	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,560	31,560	29,600	30,560	31,560	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,020	31,585	32,435	77.5	79.6	75.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,920	28,200	32,000	35,920	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	52,685	27,185	25,500	63.8	68.5	59.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,680	36,520	30,680	33,680	36,520	30,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,945	30,775	36,165	81.0	77.6	84.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,600	7,380	11,490	9,600	7,380	11,490
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,440	3,745	3,695	9.0	9.4	8.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,730	5,925	7,550	6,730	5,925	7,550
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	82,600	39,680	42,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,075	11,945	10,130	26.7	30.1	23.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	41,200	42,800	39,600	41,200	42,800	39,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	47,360	50,200	44,040	47,360	50,200	44,040
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,355	10,570	10,785	25.9	26.6	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	24,400	20,400	21,800	24,400	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,440	29,040	23,860	26,440	29,040	23,860
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	76.2	83.4	68.8	76.2	83.4	68.8
Employment income (%)	66.0	72.8	58.8	66.0	72.8	58.8
Government transfers (%)	23.9	16.7	31.3	23.9	16.7	31.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.9	1.6	2.1	1.9	1.6	2.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	44,590	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...	56,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	17,090	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,400	...	...	32,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	30,000	...	...	30,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	44,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	69,100	...	...	69,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	60,250	...	...	60,250	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	17,055	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,080	...	...	39,080	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,880	...	...	33,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,525	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	76,600	...	...	76,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	44,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	450	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	410	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	955	...	...	2.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,385	...	...	3.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,620	...	...	8.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,415	...	...	5.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,435	...	...	5.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,460	...	...	5.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,685	...	...	6.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,430	...	...	5.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,280	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,695	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,365	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,900	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,275	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	8,820	...	...	19.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,850	...	...	8.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,120	...	...	4.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	1,865	...	...	4.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	975	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	44,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	510	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	420	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	980	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,460	...	...	3.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,850	...	...	8.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,970	...	...	6.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,845	...	...	6.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,055	...	...	6.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,005	...	...	6.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,620	...	...	5.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,515	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,015	...	...	9.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,465	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,760	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,045	...	...	4.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	6,085	...	...	13.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,145	...	...	7.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,565	...	...	3.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,370	...	...	3.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,945	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	6,595	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,840	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...	56,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,385	10,930	10,455	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	33,200	30,200	31,600	33,200	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,400	30,200	28,200	29,400	30,200	28,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	25,985	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,200	...	...	78,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	107,300	...	...	107,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	93,400	...	...	93,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,900	...	...	68,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,850	...	...	61,850	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,305	10,825	10,480	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,560	37,800	37,320	37,560	37,800	37,320
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,720	32,760	32,680	32,720	32,760	32,680
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	102,390	49,705	52,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,075	11,730	11,345	22.5	23.6	21.5
0 to 5 years	8,425	4,265	4,160	8.2	8.6	7.9
18 to 64 years	61,955	30,600	31,355	60.5	61.6	59.5
65 years and over	17,360	7,375	9,985	17.0	14.8	19.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	19,945	9,235	10,710	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,785	2,470	2,325	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,035	1,040	985	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,440	5,060	5,380	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,720	1,710	3,015	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	19.5	18.6	20.3	19.5	18.6	20.3
0 to 17 years (%)	20.7	21.0	20.5	20.7	21.0	20.5
0 to 5 years (%)	24.1	24.5	23.7	24.1	24.5	23.7
18 to 64 years (%)	16.9	16.5	17.2	16.9	16.5	17.2
65 years and over (%)	27.2	23.1	30.2	27.2	23.1	30.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	102,390	49,705	52,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,075	11,725	11,350	22.5	23.6	21.5
0 to 5 years	8,430	4,265	4,160	8.2	8.6	7.9
18 to 64 years	61,950	30,600	31,355	60.5	61.6	59.5
65 years and over	17,365	7,380	9,985	17.0	14.8	19.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,445	5,675	5,770	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,445	1,290	1,155	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,050	550	495	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,080	3,690	3,385	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,915	685	1,230	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.2	11.4	11.0	11.2	11.4	11.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.6	11.0	10.2	10.6	11.0	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	12.4	12.9	12.0	12.4	12.9	12.0
18 to 64 years (%)	11.4	12.1	10.8	11.4	12.1	10.8
65 years and over (%)	11.0	9.3	12.3	11.0	9.3	12.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	102,390	49,705	52,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	77,150	37,075	40,080	75.3	74.6	76.1
In bottom decile	17,330	8,265	9,060	16.9	16.6	17.2
In second decile	17,090	8,000	9,085	16.7	16.1	17.2
In third decile	16,950	8,235	8,715	16.6	16.6	16.5
In fourth decile	14,405	6,985	7,415	14.1	14.1	14.1
In fifth decile	11,375	5,585	5,790	11.1	11.2	11.0
In top half of the distribution	25,240	12,635	12,610	24.7	25.4	23.9
In sixth decile	8,490	4,245	4,245	8.3	8.5	8.1
In seventh decile	6,800	3,380	3,420	6.6	6.8	6.5
In eighth decile	4,870	2,425	2,450	4.8	4.9	4.7
In ninth decile	3,235	1,675	1,560	3.2	3.4	3.0
In top decile	1,840	910	930	1.8	1.8	1.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	102,390	...	...	102,390	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.289	...	...	0.289	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.477	...	...	0.477	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.253	...	...	0.253	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	104,905	50,785	54,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	3,235	1,765	1,465	3.1	3.5	2.7
French only	53,390	24,215	29,175	50.9	47.7	53.9
English and French	45,430	23,710	21,725	43.3	46.7	40.1
Neither English nor French	2,850	1,100	1,750	2.7	2.2	3.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	104,905	50,785	54,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	10,740	5,535	5,205	10.2	10.9	9.6
French	83,090	39,630	43,465	79.2	78.0	80.3
English and French	8,325	4,570	3,755	7.9	9.0	6.9
Neither English nor French	2,745	1,055	1,695	2.6	2.1	3.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	104,905	50,785	54,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	97,125	46,865	50,265	92.6	92.3	92.9
Official languages	55,425	26,650	28,780	52.8	52.5	53.2
English	4,815	2,510	2,300	4.6	4.9	4.2
French	50,615	24,135	26,480	48.2	47.5	48.9
Non-official languages	41,700	20,215	21,485	39.8	39.8	39.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,695	20,215	21,480	39.7	39.8	39.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,975	5,170	4,805	9.5	10.2	8.9
Berber languages	2,050	1,085	965	2.0	2.1	1.8
Kabyle	1,905	1,005	905	1.8	2.0	1.7
Tamazight	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,905	4,075	3,830	7.5	8.0	7.1
Amharic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,885	4,065	3,820	7.5	8.0	7.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,500	745	755	1.4	1.5	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	460	225	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	1,035	515	520	1.0	1.0	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	55	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10,930	5,040	5,885	10.4	9.9	10.9
Haitian Creole	7,920	3,565	4,355	7.5	7.0	8.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	2,965	1,450	1,515	2.8	2.9	2.8
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	285	150	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	275	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Telugu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,830	7,550	8,280	15.1	14.9	15.3
Albanian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	470	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	465	215	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	585	305	275	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	460	235	220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	160	75	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Gujarati	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,520	6,895	7,625	13.8	13.6	14.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,995	2,785	3,210	5.7	5.5	5.9
Portuguese	695	340	355	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	265	125	135	0.3	0.2	0.2
Spanish	7,565	3,645	3,920	7.2	7.2	7.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,105	580	530	1.1	1.1	1.0
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	285	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Luba-Kasai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	135	80	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	540	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese languages	540	265	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	175	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	260	135	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,155	570	585	1.1	1.1	1.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,135	570	570	1.1	1.1	1.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,775	3,925	3,855	7.4	7.7	7.1
English and French	1,230	615	610	1.2	1.2	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	660	360	305	0.6	0.7	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	4,965	2,480	2,480	4.7	4.9	4.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	705	365	345	0.7	0.7	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	104,905	50,785	54,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	5,200	2,670	2,530	5.0	5.3	4.7
French	48,410	23,310	25,105	46.1	45.9	46.4
Non-official language	12,710	5,915	6,795	12.1	11.6	12.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,710	5,915	6,795	12.1	11.6	12.6
English and French	4,990	2,530	2,460	4.8	5.0	4.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,295	1,185	1,110	2.2	2.3	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	23,085	11,005	12,075	22.0	21.7	22.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,855	4,005	3,855	7.5	7.9	7.1
Multiple non-official languages	355	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	104,905	50,785	54,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	94,170	45,510	48,660	89.8	89.6	89.9
Official languages	70,495	34,195	36,305	67.2	67.3	67.1
English	8,235	4,215	4,020	7.8	8.3	7.4
French	62,260	29,980	32,280	59.3	59.0	59.6
Non-official languages	23,670	11,315	12,355	22.6	22.3	22.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,670	11,315	12,355	22.6	22.3	22.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,255	2,710	2,540	5.0	5.3	4.7
Berber languages	965	515	445	0.9	1.0	0.8
Kabyle	895	480	415	0.9	0.9	0.8
Tamazight	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,285	2,190	2,095	4.1	4.3	3.9
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,280	2,190	2,090	4.1	4.3	3.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,095	545	550	1.0	1.1	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	275	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	820	410	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5,705	2,610	3,100	5.4	5.1	5.7
Haitian Creole	3,990	1,780	2,215	3.8	3.5	4.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,700	815	885	1.6	1.6	1.6
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	225	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,430	4,380	5,050	9.0	8.6	9.3
Albanian	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	270	120	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	265	120	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	410	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	330	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,670	4,010	4,665	8.3	7.9	8.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,945	1,220	1,725	2.8	2.4	3.2
Portuguese	305	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,290	2,565	2,725	5.0	5.1	5.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	400	200	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	405	200	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	400	195	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	175	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	940	460	480	0.9	0.9	0.9
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	925	455	470	0.9	0.9	0.9
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,735	5,280	5,460	10.2	10.4	10.1
English and French	1,925	960	960	1.8	1.9	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	820	415	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	6,830	3,340	3,495	6.5	6.6	6.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,100	530	570	1.0	1.0	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	104,905	50,785	54,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	74,715	35,965	38,745	71.2	70.8	71.6
English	4,220	2,145	2,075	4.0	4.2	3.8
French	9,235	4,470	4,760	8.8	8.8	8.8
Non-official language	10,865	5,190	5,675	10.4	10.2	10.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,860	5,190	5,675	10.4	10.2	10.5
English and French	1,595	870	720	1.5	1.7	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,330	1,175	1,155	2.2	2.3	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,275	615	660	1.2	1.2	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	80	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	555	270	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	102,335	49,705	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	99,540	48,590	50,950	97.3	97.8	96.8
English	47,875	25,140	22,730	46.8	50.6	43.2
French	96,410	46,860	49,550	94.2	94.3	94.1
Non-official languages	61,320	29,815	31,500	59.9	60.0	59.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,310	29,810	31,500	59.9	60.0	59.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,835	7,670	7,165	14.5	15.4	13.6
Berber languages	2,775	1,430	1,350	2.7	2.9	2.6
Kabyle	2,565	1,325	1,245	2.5	2.7	2.4
Tamazight	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mina	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,520	7,020	6,500	13.2	14.1	12.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	13,475	7,000	6,480	13.2	14.1	12.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,995	1,010	980	1.9	2.0	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	540	265	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vietnamese	1,500	770	730	1.5	1.5	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	205	75	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Merina	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	19,100	8,885	10,215	18.7	17.9	19.4
Haitian Creole	18,245	8,440	9,805	17.8	17.0	18.6
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sango	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	3,400	1,615	1,785	3.3	3.2	3.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	285	130	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,390	11,050	11,340	21.9	22.2	21.5
Albanian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	730	335	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	720	335	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	330	140	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	280	120	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	280	120	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	230	135	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	975	535	440	1.0	1.1	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	755	415	340	0.7	0.8	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	165	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	390	235	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	245	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	20,410	10,010	10,395	19.9	20.1	19.8
Catalan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	8,305	3,945	4,360	8.1	7.9	8.3
Portuguese	1,485	830	655	1.5	1.7	1.2
Romanian	370	175	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	11,630	5,770	5,860	11.4	11.6	11.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,370	1,165	1,210	2.3	2.3	2.3
Akan (Twi)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	800	375	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Luba-Kasai	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mòoré	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wojenaka	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Yoruba	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	430	240	185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sino-Tibetan languages	635	320	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	635	320	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	320	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	330	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,475	690	780	1.4	1.4	1.5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,475	690	780	1.4	1.4	1.5
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	102,335	49,705	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	890	385	505	0.9	0.8	1.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	850	380	470	0.8	0.8	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	430	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	410	175	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	101,440	49,315	52,130	99.1	99.2	99.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	102,335	49,705	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	102,205	49,650	52,550	99.9	99.9	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	13,155	...	...	29.5	...	...
Renter	31,425	...	...	70.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	5,525	...	...	12.4	...	...
Not condominium	39,055	...	...	87.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	560	...	...	1.3	...	...
1 bedroom	10,255	...	...	23.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,780	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	13,850	...	...	31.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,135	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,620	...	...	55.2	...	...
5 rooms	11,225	...	...	25.2	...	...
6 rooms	3,185	...	...	7.1	...	...
7 rooms	2,260	...	...	5.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	3,295	...	...	7.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,685	...	...	95.7	...	...
More than one person per room	1,895	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,485	...	...	88.6	...	...
Not suitable	5,095	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	13,860	...	...	31.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	20,905	...	...	46.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,910	...	...	8.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,625	...	...	5.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	980	...	...	2.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	770	...	...	1.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	720	...	...	1.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	805	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,745	...	...	91.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,835	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,535	...	...	61.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	14,970	...	...	33.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,075	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,120	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,540	...	...	12.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,300	...	...	18.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,505	...	...	19.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,600	...	...	19.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,560	...	...	14.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,100	...	...	9.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,840	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	44,350	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,965	...	...	76.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,390	...	...	23.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,800	...	...	22.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	44,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,390	...	...	39.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,060	...	...	20.3	...	...
Not suitable only	3,990	...	...	9.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,470	...	...	5.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	505	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	770	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	540	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	27,190	...	...	61.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	43,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,185	...	...	14.1	...	...
Not in core need	37,575	...	...	85.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,150	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.6	...	...	59.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.0	...	...	21.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,388	...	...	1,388	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	448,000	...	...	448,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	466,800	...	...	466,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,430	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4	...	...	24.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	18.1	...	...	18.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	785	...	...	785	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	831	...	...	831	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	102,330	49,700	52,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	520	215	305	0.5	0.4	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	515	215	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	460	200	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,120	475	640	1.1	1.0	1.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,115	475	635	1.1	1.0	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,015	440	575	1.0	0.9	1.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	100,695	49,005	51,685	98.4	98.6	98.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	102,330	49,700	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	84,495	40,655	43,840	82.6	81.8	83.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,965	10,220	9,740	19.5	20.6	18.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	64,535	30,435	34,100	63.1	61.2	64.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,835	9,050	8,790	17.4	18.2	16.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	102,330	49,700	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	55,575	26,675	28,900	54.3	53.7	54.9
Immigrants⁸¹	39,535	19,145	20,390	38.6	38.5	38.7
Before 1980	6,115	2,765	3,360	6.0	5.6	6.4
1980 to 1990	4,210	2,095	2,115	4.1	4.2	4.0
1991 to 2000	7,265	3,540	3,725	7.1	7.1	7.1
2001 to 2010	8,915	4,485	4,430	8.7	9.0	8.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,025	6,260	6,760	12.7	12.6	12.8
2011 to 2015	7,510	3,460	4,045	7.3	7.0	7.7
2016 to 2021	5,515	2,800	2,715	5.4	5.6	5.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,220	3,885	3,340	7.1	7.8	6.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,535	19,140	20,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,040	1,640	1,405	7.7	8.6	6.9
5 to 14 years	6,840	3,385	3,455	17.3	17.7	16.9
15 to 24 years	8,385	3,635	4,755	21.2	19.0	23.3
25 to 44 years	18,265	9,185	9,080	46.2	48.0	44.5
45 years and over	3,000	1,300	1,700	7.6	6.8	8.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,535	19,140	20,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	17,705	8,220	9,485	44.8	42.9	46.5
Brazil	75	45	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Colombia	365	180	190	0.9	0.9	0.9
El Salvador	1,010	495	515	2.6	2.6	2.5
Guyana	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Haiti	12,200	5,500	6,700	30.9	28.7	32.9
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mexico	395	180	215	1.0	0.9	1.1
Peru	565	250	315	1.4	1.3	1.5
Trinidad and Tobago	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United States of America	585	310	280	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Americas	2,475	1,240	1,240	6.3	6.5	6.1
Europe	5,895	2,725	3,170	14.9	14.2	15.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatia	25	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	780	370	410	2.0	1.9	2.0
Germany	60	25	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Greece	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	60	20	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italy	3,570	1,605	1,965	9.0	8.4	9.6
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	70	20	55	0.2	0.1	0.3
Portugal	410	190	220	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romania	270	120	150	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian Federation	70	35	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	390	215	170	1.0	1.1	0.8
Africa	10,720	5,540	5,175	27.1	28.9	25.4
Algeria	4,575	2,450	2,130	11.6	12.8	10.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	505	215	290	1.3	1.1	1.4
Egypt	125	55	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Morocco	2,975	1,510	1,470	7.5	7.9	7.2
Nigeria	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	2,480	1,285	1,200	6.3	6.7	5.9
Asia	5,205	2,650	2,555	13.2	13.8	12.5
Afghanistan	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	80	50	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Iraq	75	50	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
Lebanon	1,400	740	665	3.5	3.9	3.3
Syria⁸⁹	195	110	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Turkey	760	375	390	1.9	2.0	1.9
China⁹⁰	265	120	145	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	40	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
Viet Nam	970	470	500	2.5	2.5	2.5
Bangladesh	115	65	50	0.3	0.3	0.2
India	110	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	190	110	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Sri Lanka	150	70	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	675	340	335	1.7	1.8	1.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,515	2,800	2,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,455	1,235	1,225	44.5	44.1	45.1
Brazil	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Colombia	20	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	1,925	965	960	34.9	34.5	35.4
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	45	30	15	0.8	1.1	0.6
United States of America	135	70	60	2.4	2.5	2.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	310	145	160	5.6	5.2	5.9
Europe	225	125	95	4.1	4.5	3.5
France	120	70	55	2.2	2.5	2.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	65	35	30	1.2	1.3	1.1
Africa	2,350	1,190	1,160	42.6	42.5	42.7
Algeria	990	495	495	18.0	17.7	18.2
Burundi	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Cameroon	300	175	125	5.4	6.3	4.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	40	20	1.2	1.4	0.7
Côte d'Ivoire	35	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.7
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	460	220	235	8.3	7.9	8.7
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	145	60	85	2.6	2.1	3.1
Other places of birth in Africa	330	170	155	6.0	6.1	5.7
Asia	480	250	235	8.7	8.9	8.7
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	20	15	10	0.4	0.5	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	105	50	50	1.9	1.8	1.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	35	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.7
Philippines	50	25	25	0.9	0.9	0.9
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	80	50	30	1.5	1.8	1.1
Turkey	55	30	30	1.0	1.1	1.1
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	40	0	35	0.7	0.0	1.3
Other places of birth in Asia	40	35	0	0.7	1.3	0.0
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	102,335	49,705	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	47,490	23,410	24,085	46.4	47.1	45.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,335	12,500	12,835	24.8	25.1	24.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,505	13,795	15,710	28.8	27.8	29.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,415	16,380	17,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,420	6,720	5,700	37.2	41.0	33.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,260	3,830	2,430	18.7	23.4	14.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,160	2,895	3,270	18.4	17.7	19.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	13,015	5,540	7,475	38.9	33.8	43.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,815	3,530	3,290	20.4	21.6	19.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,165	595	570	3.5	3.6	3.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,415	16,380	17,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,230	2,755	2,475	15.7	16.8	14.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,225	1,180	1,045	6.7	7.2	6.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	295	150	140	0.9	0.9	0.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	500	270	230	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	535	190	345	1.6	1.2	2.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	24,640	11,835	12,805	73.7	72.3	75.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	102,335	49,705	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	55,300	27,365	27,940	54.0	55.1	53.1
South Asian	1,195	615	580	1.2	1.2	1.1
Chinese	555	260	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
Black	30,115	14,570	15,545	29.4	29.3	29.5
Filipino	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arab	12,060	6,230	5,830	11.8	12.5	11.1
Latin American	7,570	3,795	3,775	7.4	7.6	7.2
Southeast Asian	2,090	1,035	1,060	2.0	2.1	2.0
West Asian	515	265	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	760	390	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	47,035	22,335	24,695	46.0	44.9	46.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	102,330	49,700	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,745	5,450	6,300	11.5	11.0	12.0
English	885	430	450	0.9	0.9	0.9
Irish	1,985	905	1,080	1.9	1.8	2.1
Scottish	680	365	320	0.7	0.7	0.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	9,960	4,615	5,350	9.7	9.3	10.2
German	740	370	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese	880	450	430	0.9	0.9	0.8
Italian	9,650	4,615	5,035	9.4	9.3	9.6
Indian (India)	495	270	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Ukrainian	245	90	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Dutch	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	345	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	5,970	2,850	3,120	5.8	5.7	5.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
French Canadian	2,510	1,130	1,380	2.5	2.3	2.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	670	360	310	0.7	0.7	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	785	260	525	0.8	0.5	1.0
Métis	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	545	275	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian	270	110	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Norwegian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,005	485	520	1.0	1.0	1.0
American	440	175	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Spanish	1,425	740	690	1.4	1.5	1.3
Swedish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Acadian	420	170	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Pakistani	245	150	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,055	2,130	1,925	4.0	4.3	3.7
Jewish	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Punjabi	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,520	740	780	1.5	1.5	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,025	2,080	1,940	3.9	4.2	3.7
Greek	330	180	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaican	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	375	170	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lebanese	2,425	1,285	1,145	2.4	2.6	2.2
Iranian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	660	325	330	0.6	0.7	0.6
Danish	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Belgian	280	115	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian	20,875	9,925	10,955	20.4	20.0	20.8
Hindu	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	910	470	445	0.9	0.9	0.8
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Muslim	750	390	360	0.7	0.8	0.7
Egyptian	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,125	595	530	1.1	1.2	1.0
Tamil	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	535	265	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	3,100	1,545	1,555	3.0	3.1	3.0
Czech	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	250	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Guyanese	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	585	295	290	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	50	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,465	710	760	1.4	1.4	1.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	155	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algerian	3,595	1,880	1,715	3.5	3.8	3.3
Brazilian	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	130	75	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Armenian	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	1,510	765	750	1.5	1.5	1.4
African Caribbean	490	205	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	290	120	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	370	205	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Congolese	980	445	535	1.0	0.9	1.0
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	235	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	810	355	460	0.8	0.7	0.9
Yoruba	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	525	265	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber	1,955	1,045	910	1.9	2.1	1.7
Albanian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	590	330	265	0.6	0.7	0.5
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	355	195	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cameroonian	395	200	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guatemalan	730	405	320	0.7	0.8	0.6
Indonesian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	175	115	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	605	310	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	1,185	640	545	1.2	1.3	1.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Huron (Wendat)	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mauritian	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	260	135	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Honduran	425	210	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	115	75	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	102,335	49,705	52,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,125	495	630	1.1	1.0	1.2
Christian	62,065	28,810	33,250	60.6	58.0	63.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,525	4,485	5,040	9.3	9.0	9.6
Anabaptist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	150	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Baptist	2,380	1,150	1,235	2.3	2.3	2.3
Catholic	40,720	18,800	21,915	39.8	37.8	41.6
Christian Orthodox	740	370	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jehovah's Witness	810	300	505	0.8	0.6	1.0
Latter Day Saints	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,800	770	1,025	1.8	1.5	1.9
Presbyterian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,625	2,755	2,870	5.5	5.5	5.5
Hindu	385	185	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	18,400	9,435	8,965	18.0	19.0	17.0
Sikh	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	435	200	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	19,720	10,465	9,255	19.3	21.1	17.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	100,925	48,985	51,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	91,180	44,055	47,120	90.3	89.9	90.7
Movers	9,755	4,930	4,820	9.7	10.1	9.3
Non-migrants	7,800	3,905	3,895	7.7	8.0	7.5
Migrants	1,950	1,025	925	1.9	2.1	1.8
Internal migrants	1,035	520	515	1.0	1.1	1.0
Intraprovincial migrants	900	445	460	0.9	0.9	0.9
Interprovincial migrants	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	920	510	410	0.9	1.0	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	95,330	46,190	49,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,315	26,395	28,925	58.0	57.1	58.9
Movers	40,015	19,800	20,215	42.0	42.9	41.1
Non-migrants	25,595	12,425	13,175	26.8	26.9	26.8
Migrants	14,415	7,370	7,040	15.1	16.0	14.3
Internal migrants	5,185	2,535	2,650	5.4	5.5	5.4
Intraprovincial migrants	4,785	2,355	2,425	5.0	5.1	4.9
Interprovincial migrants	405	185	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	9,230	4,835	4,395	9.7	10.5	8.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,600	39,680	42,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,190	12,255	12,935	30.5	30.9	30.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,410	27,425	29,980	69.5	69.1	69.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,625	26,320	27,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,105	6,790	6,310	24.4	25.8	23.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	40,525	19,530	20,995	75.6	74.2	76.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	82,600	39,680	42,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,990	10,670	11,310	26.6	26.9	26.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,290	9,245	9,045	22.1	23.3	21.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,325	19,765	22,560	51.2	49.8	52.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,480	13,305	15,175	34.5	33.5	35.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	13,055	6,635	6,415	15.8	16.7	14.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	9,430	4,375	5,060	11.4	11.0	11.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,625	2,265	1,355	4.4	5.7	3.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,120	5,260	6,860	14.7	13.3	16.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,310	1,410	1,895	4.0	3.6	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	13,845	6,455	7,385	16.8	16.3	17.2
Bachelor's degree	8,815	3,965	4,850	10.7	10.0	11.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,855	900	955	2.2	2.3	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	300	140	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Master's degree	2,540	1,260	1,280	3.1	3.2	3.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	330	185	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,630	26,315	27,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,685	5,650	5,035	19.9	21.5	18.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,975	5,310	4,670	18.6	20.2	17.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	32,970	15,360	17,610	61.5	58.4	64.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,385	10,020	11,365	39.9	38.1	41.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,250	5,060	5,190	19.1	19.2	19.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,430	3,340	4,085	13.9	12.7	15.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,825	1,720	1,105	5.3	6.5	4.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,635	3,890	4,745	16.1	14.8	17.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,500	1,075	1,430	4.7	4.1	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	11,580	5,335	6,245	21.6	20.3	22.9
Bachelor's degree	7,260	3,255	4,005	13.5	12.4	14.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,560	715	845	2.9	2.7	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	235	105	130	0.4	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	2,245	1,120	1,125	4.2	4.3	4.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	280	145	130	0.5	0.6	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	82,595	39,680	42,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,275	19,915	20,360	48.8	50.2	47.4
Education	2,520	660	1,860	3.1	1.7	4.3
13. Education	2,520	660	1,860	3.1	1.7	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,745	805	940	2.1	2.0	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	300	230	70	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,450	580	875	1.8	1.5	2.0
Humanities	2,315	850	1,465	2.8	2.1	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	430	80	345	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	160	40	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,035	405	635	1.3	1.0	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	80	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	90	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	150	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	315	90	225	0.4	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,730	1,455	3,270	5.7	3.7	7.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	330	145	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,315	95	1,220	1.6	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	985	380	605	1.2	1.0	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	175	40	130	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	520	140	385	0.6	0.4	0.9
45. Social sciences	1,335	640	690	1.6	1.6	1.6
Business, management and public administration	9,050	3,520	5,535	11.0	8.9	12.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	395	80	315	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,645	3,430	5,215	10.5	8.6	12.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,700	875	815	2.1	2.2	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	495	170	325	0.6	0.4	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	300	160	135	0.4	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	240	130	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	510	325	185	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	155	90	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,140	1,505	640	2.6	3.8	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,785	1,345	440	2.2	3.4	1.0
25. Library science	135	30	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	185	100	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,685	6,935	750	9.3	17.5	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	280	155	125	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	1,645	1,340	305	2.0	3.4	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,505	1,340	165	1.8	3.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,820	1,755	65	2.2	4.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,485	1,445	40	1.8	3.6	0.1
48. Precision production	955	900	50	1.2	2.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	425	235	190	0.5	0.6	0.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	350	195	155	0.4	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,985	1,255	5,725	8.5	3.2	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	195	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,715	1,130	5,580	8.1	2.8	13.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,030	1,670	1,360	3.7	4.2	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,795	595	1,205	2.2	1.5	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	615	510	100	0.7	1.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	615	555	60	0.7	1.4	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	53,625	26,320	27,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,660	10,965	9,700	38.5	41.7	35.5
Education	1,715	390	1,325	3.2	1.5	4.9
13. Education	1,715	390	1,325	3.2	1.5	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,315	605	710	2.5	2.3	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	245	180	55	0.5	0.7	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,075	420	655	2.0	1.6	2.4
Humanities	1,510	550	960	2.8	2.1	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	315	60	255	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	125	40	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	560	240	320	1.0	0.9	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	65	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	250	60	185	0.5	0.2	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	3,775	1,150	2,625	7.0	4.4	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	295	125	175	0.6	0.5	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,040	60	975	1.9	0.2	3.6
22. Legal professions and studies	815	315	505	1.5	1.2	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	95	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	420	110	305	0.8	0.4	1.1
45. Social sciences	1,050	500	550	2.0	1.9	2.0
Business, management and public administration	7,290	2,860	4,425	13.6	10.9	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	315	65	250	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	6,965	2,795	4,170	13.0	10.6	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,130	590	545	2.1	2.2	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	420	140	280	0.8	0.5	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	180	110	70	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
40. Physical sciences	375	240	140	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	1,785	1,255	525	3.3	4.8	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,515	1,160	355	2.8	4.4	1.3
25. Library science	105	20	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	150	85	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,110	5,445	665	11.4	20.7	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	245	130	110	0.5	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	1,475	1,195	280	2.8	4.5	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,210	1,065	140	2.3	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,380	1,325	55	2.6	5.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,105	1,075	30	2.1	4.1	0.1
48. Precision production	700	655	45	1.3	2.5	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	345	185	155	0.6	0.7	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	280	155	125	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	5,645	1,020	4,630	10.5	3.9	17.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	150	60	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,435	930	4,505	10.1	3.5	16.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,360	1,300	1,055	4.4	4.9	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,340	410	935	2.5	1.6	3.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	485	405	80	0.9	1.5	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	535	490	40	1.0	1.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	53,625	26,320	27,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,660	10,965	9,700	38.5	41.7	35.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	32,965	15,360	17,610	61.5	58.4	64.5
Location of study inside Canada	24,465	10,775	13,690	45.6	40.9	50.1
Same as province or territory of residence	24,020	10,565	13,455	44.8	40.1	49.3
Different than province or territory of residence	440	205	235	0.8	0.8	0.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,505	4,585	3,920	15.9	17.4	14.4
Americas	2,660	1,515	1,140	5.0	5.8	4.2
United States of America	210	130	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mexico	230	120	110	0.4	0.5	0.4
Cuba	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	1,455	860	595	2.7	3.3	2.2
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Colombia	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	380	205	170	0.7	0.8	0.6
Europe	1,045	665	380	1.9	2.5	1.4
Belgium	35	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	550	360	195	1.0	1.4	0.7
Germany	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	110	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	60	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	75	40	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Africa	3,950	1,985	1,965	7.4	7.5	7.2
Nigeria	130	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	1,890	945	945	3.5	3.6	3.5
Morocco	905	435	470	1.7	1.7	1.7
Tunisia	250	140	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egypt	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	735	385	355	1.4	1.5	1.3
Asia	850	425	430	1.6	1.6	1.6
Iran⁸⁸	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	290	175	105	0.5	0.7	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkey	60	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	55	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistan	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	82,600	39,680	42,915	...	...	...
In the labour force	50,025	26,035	23,985	...	...	...
Employed	44,565	23,200	21,365	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,460	2,835	2,625	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,575	13,645	18,930	...	...	...
Participation rate	60.6	65.6	55.9	60.6	65.6	55.9
Employment rate	54.0	58.5	49.8	54.0	58.5	49.8
Unemployment rate	10.9	10.9	10.9	10.9	10.9	10.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	82,595	39,680	42,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,795	14,780	20,020	42.1	37.2	46.6
Worked	47,800	24,900	22,895	57.9	62.8	53.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	22,905	12,455	10,450	27.7	31.4	24.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	24,895	12,450	12,445	30.1	31.4	29.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.3	39.7	38.8	39.3	39.7	38.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	50,020	26,035	23,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,920	905	1,015	3.8	3.5	4.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	48,100	25,130	22,975	96.2	96.5	95.8
Employee	43,135	21,880	21,255	86.2	84.0	88.6
Permanent position	36,105	18,505	17,605	72.2	71.1	73.4
Temporary position	7,030	3,370	3,655	14.1	12.9	15.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,105	1,420	1,685	6.2	5.5	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	3,920	1,955	1,970	7.8	7.5	8.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	4,965	3,250	1,715	9.9	12.5	7.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	50,020	26,035	23,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,920	905	1,015	3.8	3.5	4.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	48,100	25,130	22,975	96.2	96.5	95.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	280	205	75	0.6	0.8	0.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	7,650	2,990	4,660	15.3	11.5	19.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	2,545	2,120	425	5.1	8.1	1.8
3 Health occupations	5,360	920	4,445	10.7	3.5	18.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,145	1,205	3,945	10.3	4.6	16.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,095	600	495	2.2	2.3	2.1
6 Sales and service occupations	14,380	7,335	7,045	28.7	28.2	29.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,455	6,830	625	14.9	26.2	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	360	285	75	0.7	1.1	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,830	2,640	1,185	7.7	10.1	4.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	50,020	26,035	23,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,920	905	1,015	3.8	3.5	4.2
All industries¹⁹¹	48,100	25,130	22,975	96.2	96.5	95.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	230	125	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	125	90	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
23 Construction	2,485	2,180	305	5.0	8.4	1.3
31-33 Manufacturing	5,870	4,130	1,745	11.7	15.9	7.3
41 Wholesale trade	1,990	1,285	705	4.0	4.9	2.9
44-45 Retail trade	5,720	2,995	2,730	11.4	11.5	11.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,900	2,445	455	5.8	9.4	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	845	530	315	1.7	2.0	1.3
52 Finance and insurance	1,555	685	870	3.1	2.6	3.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	615	415	200	1.2	1.6	0.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	2,495	1,430	1,065	5.0	5.5	4.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,780	2,385	1,400	7.6	9.2	5.8
61 Educational services	3,155	975	2,175	6.3	3.7	9.1
62 Health care and social assistance	9,210	1,965	7,245	18.4	7.5	30.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	475	265	210	0.9	1.0	0.9
72 Accommodation and food services	2,570	1,215	1,355	5.1	4.7	5.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,210	1,085	1,125	4.4	4.2	4.7
91 Public administration	1,805	895	905	3.6	3.4	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	52,525	27,315	25,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,620	1,470	1,150	5.0	5.4	4.6
French	32,690	16,580	16,115	62.2	60.7	63.9
Non-official language	385	195	190	0.7	0.7	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	385	195	190	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and French	14,515	7,765	6,750	27.6	28.4	26.8
English and non-official language(s)	140	100	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	940	490	445	1.8	1.8	1.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,235	720	510	2.4	2.6	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	52,525	27,315	25,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	48,170	24,890	23,285	91.7	91.1	92.4
Official languages	47,480	24,530	22,955	90.4	89.8	91.1
English	5,325	2,955	2,375	10.1	10.8	9.4
French	42,155	21,575	20,575	80.3	79.0	81.6
Non-official languages	690	365	330	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	690	365	330	1.3	1.3	1.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	100	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	110	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	85	40	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	55	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	55	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	365	210	150	0.7	0.8	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	340	200	140	0.6	0.7	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	280	175	105	0.5	0.6	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,350	2,425	1,920	8.3	8.9	7.6
English and French	3,890	2,200	1,690	7.4	8.1	6.7
English and non-official language(s)	55	45	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	270	130	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	55	90	0.3	0.2	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	52,525	27,315	25,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	39,700	20,435	19,265	75.6	74.8	76.4
English	8,510	4,455	4,055	16.2	16.3	16.1
French	2,665	1,440	1,225	5.1	5.3	4.9
Non-official language	830	505	325	1.6	1.8	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	830	505	325	1.6	1.8	1.3
English and French	70	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	515	300	215	1.0	1.1	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	180	105	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	44,565	23,195	21,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	6,565	3,085	3,485	14.7	13.3	16.3
Worked outside Canada	95	75	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	6,260	4,380	1,880	14.0	18.9	8.8
Usual place of work	31,635	15,660	15,980	71.0	67.5	74.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,640	15,660	15,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,405	11,845	13,555	80.3	75.6	84.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,475	950	520	4.7	6.1	3.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,740	2,840	1,900	15.0	18.1	11.9
Commute to a different province or territory	20	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,900	20,045	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	24,090	14,665	9,425	63.6	73.2	52.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	22,310	13,930	8,375	58.9	69.5	46.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,780	735	1,050	4.7	3.7	5.9
Public transit	11,150	4,265	6,885	29.4	21.3	38.5
Walked	1,800	615	1,185	4.7	3.1	6.6
Bicycle	285	185	90	0.8	0.9	0.5
Other method	580	315	270	1.5	1.6	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,900	20,045	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,625	2,565	3,055	14.8	12.8	17.1
15 to 29 minutes	11,705	6,570	5,135	30.9	32.8	28.8
30 to 44 minutes	9,965	5,975	3,995	26.3	29.8	22.4
45 to 59 minutes	4,940	2,450	2,495	13.0	12.2	14.0
60 minutes and over	5,670	2,480	3,185	15.0	12.4	17.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,900	20,045	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,550	2,455	1,090	9.4	12.2	6.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,930	4,045	2,890	18.3	20.2	16.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,965	4,140	4,830	23.7	20.7	27.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	5,370	2,445	2,925	14.2	12.2	16.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	4,135	1,705	2,430	10.9	8.5	13.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,945	5,255	3,695	23.6	26.2	20.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,450	11,915	11,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,705	1,915	1,790	15.8	16.1	15.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,740	9,995	9,745	84.2	83.9	84.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,900	8,090	7,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,780	1,450	1,325	17.5	17.9	17.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,325	1,215	1,110	14.6	15.0	14.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	450	235	215	2.8	2.9	2.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,125	6,640	6,485	82.5	82.1	83.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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