Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ahuntsic-CartiervilleMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	111,510	54,495	57,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,545	9,495	9,045	16.6	17.4	15.9
0 to 4 years	6,100	3,125	2,980	5.5	5.7	5.2
5 to 9 years	6,395	3,280	3,115	5.7	6.0	5.5
10 to 14 years	6,045	3,095	2,955	5.4	5.7	5.2
15 to 64 years	71,165	35,925	35,240	63.8	65.9	61.8
15 to 19 years	5,345	2,690	2,655	4.8	4.9	4.7
20 to 24 years	6,650	3,365	3,290	6.0	6.2	5.8
25 to 29 years	7,620	3,760	3,865	6.8	6.9	6.8
30 to 34 years	7,715	3,800	3,915	6.9	7.0	6.9
35 to 39 years	8,075	4,055	4,020	7.2	7.4	7.1
40 to 44 years	7,970	4,070	3,900	7.1	7.5	6.8
45 to 49 years	7,230	3,665	3,565	6.5	6.7	6.3
50 to 54 years	6,910	3,655	3,255	6.2	6.7	5.7
55 to 59 years	7,085	3,655	3,425	6.4	6.7	6.0
60 to 64 years	6,555	3,205	3,355	5.9	5.9	5.9
65 years and over	21,800	9,070	12,730	19.5	16.6	22.3
65 to 69 years	5,715	2,635	3,075	5.1	4.8	5.4
70 to 74 years	4,815	2,195	2,620	4.3	4.0	4.6
75 to 79 years	3,900	1,620	2,280	3.5	3.0	4.0
80 to 84 years	3,090	1,155	1,930	2.8	2.1	3.4
85 years and over	4,290	1,465	2,830	3.8	2.7	5.0
85 to 89 years	2,535	880	1,655	2.3	1.6	2.9
90 to 94 years	1,390	480	910	1.2	0.9	1.6
95 to 99 years	320	90	230	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.6	17.4	15.9	16.6	17.4	15.9
15 to 64 years	63.8	65.9	61.8	63.8	65.9	61.8
65 years and over	19.5	16.6	22.3	19.5	16.6	22.3
85 years and over	3.8	2.7	5.0	3.8	2.7	5.0
Average age of the population	42.0	40.6	43.3	42.0	40.6	43.3
Median age of the population	41.2	40.0	42.0	41.2	40.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	49,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	4,845	...	...	9.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,055	...	...	4.2	...	...
Row house	495	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,010	...	...	12.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	30,130	...	...	60.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	5,635	...	...	11.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	265	...	...	0.5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	49,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	20,775	...	...	42.0	...	...
2 persons	13,445	...	...	27.2	...	...
3 persons	6,280	...	...	12.7	...	...
4 persons	5,595	...	...	11.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,345	...	...	6.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,135	52,530	54,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,970	44,995	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	45,505	22,950	22,555	48.9	51.0	47.0
Married	32,615	16,450	16,165	35.1	36.6	33.7
Living common-law	12,890	6,500	6,390	13.9	14.4	13.3
Living common law - Never married	10,750	5,370	5,380	11.6	11.9	11.2
Living common law - Separated	170	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,830	960	865	2.0	2.1	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	47,465	22,045	25,420	51.1	49.0	53.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,750	17,330	15,420	35.2	38.5	32.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,045	940	1,110	2.2	2.1	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,380	2,785	4,595	7.9	6.2	9.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,285	985	4,295	5.7	2.2	9.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,965	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,770	...	...	47.4	...	...
3 persons	5,890	...	...	21.8	...	...
4 persons	5,460	...	...	20.2	...	...
5 or more persons	2,845	...	...	10.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,965	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,500	...	...	79.7	...	...
Married couples	15,085	...	...	55.9	...	...
With children⁶	9,475	...	...	35.1	...	...
Without children	5,610	...	...	20.8	...	...
Common-law couples	6,415	...	...	23.8	...	...
With children⁶	2,780	...	...	10.3	...	...
Without children	3,635	...	...	13.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,465	...	...	20.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,345	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,115	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,135	52,530	54,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	80,240	39,280	40,965	74.9	74.8	75.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,005	21,555	21,440	40.1	41.0	39.3
Parents in one-parent families	5,465	1,120	4,345	5.1	2.1	8.0
Children⁶	31,775	16,600	15,175	29.7	31.6	27.8
In a two-parent family	23,680	12,350	11,330	22.1	23.5	20.7
In a one-parent family	8,095	4,250	3,840	7.6	8.1	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	26,890	13,255	13,640	25.1	25.2	25.0
Living alone	20,775	9,850	10,930	19.4	18.8	20.0
Living with other relatives⁷	2,580	1,170	1,410	2.4	2.2	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	3,535	2,230	1,305	3.3	4.2	2.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	49,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,030	...	...	50.6	...	...
Couple-family households	20,255	...	...	41.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,540	...	...	23.3	...	...
Without children	8,710	...	...	17.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,770	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	700	...	...	1.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	105	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	740	...	...	1.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,090	...	...	4.2	...	...
One-person households	20,775	...	...	42.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	88,690	43,080	45,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,530	41,555	43,975	96.4	96.5	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	39,200	36,400	37,600	39,200	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,550	41,565	43,985	96.5	96.5	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	34,800	33,200	34,000	34,800	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,240	37,075	38,160	84.8	86.1	83.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,800	34,800	27,200	30,800	34,800	27,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,865	31,510	29,355	68.6	73.1	64.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,200	30,000	32,800	35,200	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,405	33,605	38,800	81.6	78.0	85.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	9,700	12,400	11,100	9,700	12,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,900	4,505	4,390	10.0	10.5	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,760	5,480	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,505	14,595	12,910	31.0	33.9	28.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	88,835	43,150	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,675	41,670	44,010	96.4	96.6	96.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,720	55,600	46,120	50,720	55,600	46,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,690	41,670	44,025	96.5	96.6	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	44,000	38,600	41,200	44,000	38,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,170	37,015	38,150	84.6	85.8	83.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,080	52,650	39,640	46,080	52,650	39,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,965	31,400	29,570	68.6	72.8	64.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,120	52,450	41,480	47,120	52,450	41,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,410	33,645	38,765	81.5	78.0	84.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,220	10,930	13,320	12,220	10,930	13,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,265	4,610	4,650	10.4	10.7	10.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,800	5,720	7,880	6,800	5,720	7,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,645	14,665	12,980	31.1	34.0	28.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,920	8,970	8,860	8,920	8,970	8,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	88,835	43,150	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,630	14,910	12,720	31.1	34.6	27.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	63,200	57,600	60,400	63,200	57,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,300	82,100	67,300	75,300	82,100	67,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,285	12,930	13,350	29.6	30.0	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,000	16,600	15,400	16,000	16,600	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,400	28,560	24,280	26,400	28,560	24,280
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.6	84.2	74.6	79.6	84.2	74.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	71.0	60.4	66.2	71.0	60.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.4	15.9	25.4	20.4	15.9	25.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.1	1.8	1.5	1.1	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	6.2	6.6	6.4	6.2	6.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7	5.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	88,690	43,080	45,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,160	1,525	1,630	3.6	3.6	3.6
With total income	85,530	41,555	43,975	96.4	96.4	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,050	3,370	3,675	8.2	8.1	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,060	5,230	5,835	12.9	12.6	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	15,545	7,125	8,415	18.2	17.2	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	11,610	5,520	6,080	13.6	13.3	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	9,890	4,720	5,175	11.6	11.4	11.8
$50,000 to $59,999	7,515	3,445	4,070	8.8	8.3	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	5,495	2,605	2,890	6.4	6.3	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,965	2,005	1,960	4.6	4.8	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,255	1,630	1,625	3.8	3.9	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,355	1,195	1,160	2.8	2.9	2.6
$100,000 and over	7,795	4,700	3,090	9.1	11.3	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	4,985	2,830	2,145	5.8	6.8	4.9
$150,000 and over	2,810	1,870	945	3.3	4.5	2.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	88,690	43,080	45,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,145	1,520	1,625	3.5	3.5	3.6
With after-tax income	85,545	41,565	43,985	96.5	96.5	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,370	3,500	3,870	8.6	8.4	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	11,560	5,495	6,065	13.5	13.2	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	18,140	8,520	9,625	21.2	20.5	21.9
$30,000 to $39,999	13,975	6,755	7,220	16.3	16.3	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,170	5,215	5,955	13.1	12.5	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,515	3,525	3,995	8.8	8.5	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	5,115	2,530	2,580	6.0	6.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,480	1,740	1,745	4.1	4.2	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,230	1,215	1,010	2.6	2.9	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,420	795	620	1.7	1.9	1.4
$100,000 and over	3,575	2,275	1,300	4.2	5.5	3.0
$100,000 to $124,999	1,730	1,020	710	2.0	2.5	1.6
$125,000 and over	1,840	1,250	590	2.2	3.0	1.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	88,690	43,080	45,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	27,825	11,570	16,250	31.4	26.9	35.6
With employment income	60,865	31,510	29,355	68.6	73.1	64.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,785	4,350	4,435	14.4	13.8	15.1
$5,000 to $9,999	5,850	2,800	3,050	9.6	8.9	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	7,830	3,845	3,985	12.9	12.2	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	6,330	3,140	3,185	10.4	10.0	10.9
$30,000 to $39,999	5,755	3,065	2,690	9.5	9.7	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	5,440	2,805	2,635	8.9	8.9	9.0
$50,000 to $59,999	4,320	2,180	2,135	7.1	6.9	7.3
$60,000 to $69,999	3,425	1,815	1,610	5.6	5.7	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	2,710	1,430	1,280	4.5	4.6	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,605	1,300	1,300	4.3	4.1	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,775	995	780	2.9	3.2	2.6
$100,000 and over	6,040	3,775	2,265	9.9	12.0	7.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,620	1,565	1,055	4.3	5.0	3.6
$125,000 and over	3,420	2,210	1,210	5.6	7.0	4.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	88,690	43,080	45,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,090	40,265	42,825	93.7	93.5	93.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,000	32,400	34,000	36,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,105	40,265	42,840	93.7	93.5	93.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	32,400	29,800	31,000	32,400	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,290	36,150	37,140	82.6	83.9	81.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	35,600	28,200	31,800	35,600	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,660	30,860	28,795	67.3	71.6	63.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	35,600	30,800	33,600	35,600	30,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,105	30,155	35,955	74.5	70.0	78.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	3,180	8,400	5,400	3,180	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,270	3,095	3,175	7.1	7.2	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,560	5,880	5,120	4,560	5,880
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	88,835	43,150	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,220	40,375	42,850	93.7	93.6	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,840	53,050	42,920	47,840	53,050	42,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,235	40,375	42,855	93.7	93.6	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,600	41,520	35,800	38,600	41,520	35,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,180	36,100	37,080	82.4	83.7	81.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,520	53,450	39,800	46,520	53,450	39,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,720	30,800	28,920	67.2	71.4	63.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	52,750	41,320	47,200	52,750	41,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,330	30,250	36,085	74.7	70.1	79.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,660	7,010	10,050	8,660	7,010	10,050
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,605	3,235	3,365	7.4	7.5	7.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,680	6,060	9,230	7,680	6,060	9,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	88,835	43,150	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	27,370	14,770	12,600	30.8	34.2	27.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	57,600	52,800	55,600	57,600	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,300	77,000	60,400	69,300	77,000	60,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,820	11,745	12,075	26.8	27.2	26.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,600	21,800	19,600	20,600	21,800	19,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,400	34,520	28,360	31,400	34,520	28,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.6	90.2	80.2	85.6	90.2	80.2
Employment income (%)	70.8	75.8	65.0	70.8	75.8	65.0
Government transfers (%)	14.4	9.9	19.7	14.4	9.9	19.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.7	1.3	0.9	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	49,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,400	...	...	56,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	20,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,600	...	...	33,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	28,665	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	49,510	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	71,300	...	...	71,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	20,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...	45,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,760	...	...	37,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	28,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,600	...	...	118,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,700	...	...	95,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	49,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	660	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	540	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,070	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,475	...	...	3.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,210	...	...	6.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,400	...	...	4.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,345	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,370	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,420	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,295	...	...	4.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,175	...	...	8.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,725	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,245	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,905	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,495	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,105	...	...	28.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,415	...	...	8.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,915	...	...	5.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,300	...	...	6.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,475	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	49,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	755	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	550	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,090	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,540	...	...	3.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,550	...	...	7.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,960	...	...	6.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,800	...	...	5.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,945	...	...	6.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,885	...	...	5.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,630	...	...	5.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,535	...	...	9.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,975	...	...	8.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,550	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,910	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,355	...	...	4.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,410	...	...	21.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,105	...	...	8.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,470	...	...	5.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,835	...	...	7.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,265	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,315	12,080	12,230	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	35,600	35,600	35,600	35,600	35,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,000	32,000	32,400	32,000	32,000	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,100	...	...	120,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,600	...	...	96,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,200	...	...	110,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...	87,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,270	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	147,200	...	...	147,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,400	...	...	117,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,600	...	...	79,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,200	...	...	68,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,190	11,925	12,265	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,680	43,720	43,680	43,680	43,720	43,680
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,600	36,400	36,760	36,600	36,400	36,760
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,135	52,530	54,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,565	11,035	10,530	20.1	21.0	19.3
0 to 5 years	7,435	3,795	3,640	6.9	7.2	6.7
18 to 64 years	67,030	33,500	33,525	62.6	63.8	61.4
65 years and over	18,535	7,990	10,545	17.3	15.2	19.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,510	8,460	9,060	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,210	1,595	1,620	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,245	620	620	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,025	5,245	4,780	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,280	1,620	2,660	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.3	16.1	16.6	16.3	16.1	16.6
0 to 17 years (%)	14.9	14.4	15.4	14.9	14.4	15.4
0 to 5 years (%)	16.7	16.5	17.0	16.7	16.5	17.0
18 to 64 years (%)	15.0	15.7	14.3	15.0	15.7	14.3
65 years and over (%)	23.1	20.3	25.2	23.1	20.3	25.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,135	52,530	54,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,565	11,035	10,530	20.1	21.0	19.3
0 to 5 years	7,435	3,795	3,640	6.9	7.2	6.7
18 to 64 years	67,030	33,500	33,525	62.6	63.8	61.4
65 years and over	18,535	7,990	10,545	17.3	15.2	19.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,530	5,360	5,175	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,725	865	860	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	655	335	320	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,895	3,760	3,135	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,915	730	1,185	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.8	10.2	9.5	9.8	10.2	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.0	7.8	8.2	8.0	7.8	8.2
0 to 5 years (%)	8.8	8.8	8.8	8.8	8.8	8.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.3	11.2	9.3	10.3	11.2	9.3
65 years and over (%)	10.3	9.1	11.2	10.3	9.1	11.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,135	52,530	54,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	66,045	32,040	34,005	61.6	61.0	62.3
In bottom decile	15,265	7,560	7,710	14.2	14.4	14.1
In second decile	13,705	6,490	7,205	12.8	12.4	13.2
In third decile	14,135	6,945	7,190	13.2	13.2	13.2
In fourth decile	12,340	5,975	6,370	11.5	11.4	11.7
In fifth decile	10,595	5,065	5,530	9.9	9.6	10.1
In top half of the distribution	41,090	20,490	20,600	38.4	39.0	37.7
In sixth decile	9,185	4,450	4,730	8.6	8.5	8.7
In seventh decile	8,255	4,110	4,140	7.7	7.8	7.6
In eighth decile	7,950	3,940	4,015	7.4	7.5	7.4
In ninth decile	7,825	3,975	3,850	7.3	7.6	7.1
In top decile	7,875	4,015	3,860	7.4	7.6	7.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,135	...	...	107,135	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.373	...	...	0.373	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.511	...	...	0.511	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.316	...	...	0.316	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,935	53,170	55,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	8,635	4,465	4,170	7.9	8.4	7.5
French only	33,355	14,950	18,405	30.6	28.1	33.0
English and French	63,985	32,575	31,410	58.7	61.3	56.3
Neither English nor French	2,965	1,180	1,780	2.7	2.2	3.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,935	53,170	55,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	18,600	9,450	9,145	17.1	17.8	16.4
French	76,360	36,790	39,575	70.1	69.2	71.0
English and French	11,100	5,795	5,305	10.2	10.9	9.5
Neither English nor French	2,880	1,130	1,745	2.6	2.1	3.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,935	53,170	55,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,850	49,080	51,775	92.6	92.3	92.8
Official languages	60,935	29,590	31,340	55.9	55.7	56.2
English	6,450	3,360	3,090	5.9	6.3	5.5
French	54,480	26,230	28,250	50.0	49.3	50.7
Non-official languages	39,920	19,485	20,430	36.6	36.6	36.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,895	19,470	20,420	36.6	36.6	36.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,815	6,695	6,115	11.8	12.6	11.0
Berber languages	1,200	670	535	1.1	1.3	1.0
Kabyle	1,120	630	495	1.0	1.2	0.9
Tamazight	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hausa	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,455	5,950	5,510	10.5	11.2	9.9
Amharic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,365	5,905	5,460	10.4	11.1	9.8
Aramaic languages	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,395	655	740	1.3	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	265	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	1,130	540	590	1.0	1.0	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	240	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	155	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,035	975	1,055	1.9	1.8	1.9
Haitian Creole	1,510	705	805	1.4	1.3	1.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	440	230	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,045	505	545	1.0	0.9	1.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	255	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	780	370	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,915	8,880	10,035	17.4	16.7	18.0
Albanian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	2,210	1,040	1,170	2.0	2.0	2.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,020	430	595	0.9	0.8	1.1
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,010	425	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	165	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Czech	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	165	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	435	175	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	165	65	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,980	1,310	1,670	2.7	2.5	3.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,205	1,655	1,550	2.9	3.1	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	2,745	1,435	1,315	2.5	2.7	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	465	250	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	385	190	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	910	475	440	0.8	0.9	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	780	410	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	455	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	235	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,205	4,315	4,885	8.4	8.1	8.8
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,355	1,475	1,875	3.1	2.8	3.4
Portuguese	900	430	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	770	350	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Spanish	4,165	2,050	2,110	3.8	3.9	3.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,545	790	755	1.4	1.5	1.4
Akan (Twi)	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,340	615	735	1.2	1.2	1.3
Chinese languages	1,340	615	730	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	540	250	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	650	290	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	230	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	230	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,090	4,095	3,995	7.4	7.7	7.2
English and French	1,605	820	780	1.5	1.5	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,345	665	685	1.2	1.3	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,785	1,930	1,860	3.5	3.6	3.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	995	495	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	360	185	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,935	53,170	55,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	6,945	3,580	3,365	6.4	6.7	6.0
French	51,735	24,975	26,760	47.5	47.0	48.0
Non-official language	12,865	6,065	6,795	11.8	11.4	12.2
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,855	6,060	6,800	11.8	11.4	12.2
English and French	6,770	3,510	3,255	6.2	6.6	5.8
English and non-official language(s)	5,865	2,920	2,945	5.4	5.5	5.3
French and non-official language(s)	14,265	6,845	7,425	13.1	12.9	13.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	9,670	4,900	4,770	8.9	9.2	8.6
Multiple non-official languages	825	380	450	0.8	0.7	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,935	53,170	55,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,585	48,005	50,585	90.5	90.3	90.7
Official languages	75,080	36,730	38,355	68.9	69.1	68.8
English	11,975	6,080	5,890	11.0	11.4	10.6
French	63,110	30,650	32,460	57.9	57.6	58.2
Non-official languages	23,505	11,275	12,230	21.6	21.2	21.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,505	11,270	12,230	21.6	21.2	21.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,255	3,705	3,555	6.7	7.0	6.4
Berber languages	575	315	255	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kabyle	550	300	245	0.5	0.6	0.4
Tamazight	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,615	3,340	3,270	6.1	6.3	5.9
Amharic	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,545	3,310	3,235	6.0	6.2	5.8
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	470	560	0.9	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	855	395	455	0.8	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	910	420	485	0.8	0.8	0.9
Haitian Creole	685	300	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	190	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	875	430	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	215	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	650	305	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,525	5,340	6,180	10.6	10.0	11.1
Albanian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,855	845	1,010	1.7	1.6	1.8
Balto-Slavic languages	580	265	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	575	260	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Russian	305	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,660	695	970	1.5	1.3	1.7
Indo-Iranian languages	2,395	1,255	1,145	2.2	2.4	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	2,105	1,110	995	1.9	2.1	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	290	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	100	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	770	415	355	0.7	0.8	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	550	285	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	295	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,945	2,245	2,695	4.5	4.2	4.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,365	520	850	1.3	1.0	1.5
Portuguese	435	200	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	460	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Spanish	2,670	1,310	1,360	2.5	2.5	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	530	255	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	960	445	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
Chinese languages	960	445	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	445	195	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,355	5,165	5,185	9.5	9.7	9.3
English and French	2,395	1,255	1,145	2.2	2.4	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,780	875	905	1.6	1.6	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	4,570	2,235	2,330	4.2	4.2	4.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,515	760	760	1.4	1.4	1.4
Multiple non-official languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,935	53,170	55,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	79,190	38,455	40,735	72.7	72.3	73.0
English	6,500	3,320	3,180	6.0	6.2	5.7
French	6,725	3,225	3,500	6.2	6.1	6.3
Non-official language	9,115	4,380	4,730	8.4	8.2	8.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,110	4,380	4,730	8.4	8.2	8.5
English and French	2,115	1,085	1,035	1.9	2.0	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,615	1,345	1,270	2.4	2.5	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,650	830	820	1.5	1.6	1.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	350	190	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	675	340	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,315	52,625	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,415	51,420	53,000	97.3	97.7	96.9
English	71,745	36,610	35,130	66.9	69.6	64.2
French	96,010	46,885	49,120	89.5	89.1	89.8
Non-official languages	58,060	28,630	29,435	54.1	54.4	53.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,060	28,630	29,430	54.1	54.4	53.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	19,875	10,405	9,465	18.5	19.8	17.3
Berber languages	2,070	1,125	945	1.9	2.1	1.7
Kabyle	1,820	985	830	1.7	1.9	1.5
Tamazight	195	115	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chadic languages	185	135	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hausa	75	75	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mina	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	18,805	9,795	9,010	17.5	18.6	16.5
Amharic	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arabic	18,715	9,755	8,965	17.4	18.5	16.4
Aramaic languages	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,150	1,010	1,140	2.0	1.9	2.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	545	250	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vietnamese	1,650	795	860	1.5	1.5	1.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	410	160	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Merina	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	305	100	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	4,020	1,865	2,150	3.7	3.5	3.9
Haitian Creole	3,610	1,670	1,940	3.4	3.2	3.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	530	260	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dravidian languages	1,375	640	735	1.3	1.2	1.3
Kannada	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	340	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	1,080	485	600	1.0	0.9	1.1
Telugu	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,030	13,570	14,455	26.1	25.8	26.4
Albanian	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	2,790	1,295	1,490	2.6	2.5	2.7
Balto-Slavic languages	1,705	780	920	1.6	1.5	1.7
Baltic languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,685	780	905	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	200	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,040	505	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	120	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	885	480	405	0.8	0.9	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	775	435	340	0.7	0.8	0.6
German	770	430	335	0.7	0.8	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,985	1,875	2,110	3.7	3.6	3.9
Indo-Iranian languages	4,335	2,335	2,000	4.0	4.4	3.7
Indo-Aryan languages	3,805	2,085	1,720	3.5	4.0	3.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	490	265	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	460	205	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hindi	1,205	650	555	1.1	1.2	1.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,320	730	590	1.2	1.4	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	1,425	795	625	1.3	1.5	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	675	320	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	315	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	300	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Dari	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	195	80	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,725	7,485	8,240	14.7	14.2	15.1
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,075	2,455	2,620	4.7	4.7	4.8
Portuguese	1,465	775	685	1.4	1.5	1.3
Romanian	930	445	490	0.9	0.8	0.9
Spanish	9,440	4,380	5,055	8.8	8.3	9.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,295	1,750	1,545	3.1	3.3	2.8
Akan (Twi)	245	150	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bamanankan	215	80	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	175	105	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	250	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ga	40	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	165	95	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lingala	680	335	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Luba-Kasai	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mòoré	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Shona	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	345	195	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Wojenaka	160	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wolof	350	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	855	485	365	0.8	0.9	0.7
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	145	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	120	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,675	760	910	1.6	1.4	1.7
Chinese languages	1,675	760	910	1.6	1.4	1.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	885	420	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	180	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	885	375	510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Thai	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	810	425	380	0.8	0.8	0.7
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	810	425	380	0.8	0.8	0.7
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,310	52,625	54,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	535	220	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	470	190	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	290	125	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Métis	165	55	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	106,780	52,410	54,370	99.5	99.6	99.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,310	52,625	54,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,150	52,555	54,590	99.9	99.9	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	19,305	...	...	39.0	...	...
Renter	30,210	...	...	61.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	8,885	...	...	17.9	...	...
Not condominium	40,620	...	...	82.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,085	...	...	2.2	...	...
1 bedroom	15,925	...	...	32.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,435	...	...	31.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,075	...	...	24.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	4,985	...	...	10.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,870	...	...	56.3	...	...
5 rooms	8,170	...	...	16.5	...	...
6 rooms	3,790	...	...	7.7	...	...
7 rooms	3,380	...	...	6.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,305	...	...	12.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,365	...	...	95.7	...	...
More than one person per room	2,145	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,515	...	...	89.9	...	...
Not suitable	4,995	...	...	10.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	17,915	...	...	36.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	16,460	...	...	33.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,385	...	...	14.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,900	...	...	5.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,435	...	...	2.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,435	...	...	2.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,115	...	...	2.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	865	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	45,750	...	...	92.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,760	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	30,540	...	...	61.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,460	...	...	35.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,510	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,440	...	...	2.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,280	...	...	14.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,405	...	...	19.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,970	...	...	18.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,045	...	...	18.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,105	...	...	14.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,190	...	...	8.5	...	...
85 years and over	2,075	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,040	...	...	79.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,210	...	...	20.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,335	...	...	19.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	49,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,040	...	...	34.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,725	...	...	17.6	...	...
Not suitable only	3,960	...	...	8.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,490	...	...	5.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	595	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	830	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	385	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,470	...	...	65.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	48,380	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,415	...	...	11.2	...	...
Not in core need	42,960	...	...	88.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,305	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.3	...	...	56.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.5	...	...	15.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,502	...	...	1,502	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	625,000	...	...	625,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,210	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.0	...	...	9.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.1	...	...	24.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.1	...	...	16.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	800	...	...	800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	852	...	...	852	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,310	52,625	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	385	180	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	385	180	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	355	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,260	580	685	1.2	1.1	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,255	580	680	1.2	1.1	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,165	550	615	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	105,665	51,870	53,795	98.5	98.6	98.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,310	52,630	54,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,915	44,170	46,745	84.7	83.9	85.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,980	9,740	9,240	17.7	18.5	16.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	71,935	34,435	37,495	67.0	65.4	68.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	16,400	8,460	7,945	15.3	16.1	14.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,310	52,630	54,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	61,465	29,655	31,810	57.3	56.3	58.2
Immigrants⁸¹	40,035	19,800	20,235	37.3	37.6	37.0
Before 1980	6,400	2,965	3,435	6.0	5.6	6.3
1980 to 1990	4,330	2,265	2,065	4.0	4.3	3.8
1991 to 2000	6,450	3,110	3,340	6.0	5.9	6.1
2001 to 2010	9,175	4,595	4,580	8.5	8.7	8.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,680	6,865	6,815	12.7	13.0	12.5
2011 to 2015	6,165	3,070	3,095	5.7	5.8	5.7
2016 to 2021	7,515	3,790	3,725	7.0	7.2	6.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,815	3,175	2,645	5.4	6.0	4.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	40,035	19,800	20,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,215	1,635	1,580	8.0	8.3	7.8
5 to 14 years	5,880	2,990	2,890	14.7	15.1	14.3
15 to 24 years	7,230	3,160	4,070	18.1	16.0	20.1
25 to 44 years	20,600	10,575	10,025	51.5	53.4	49.5
45 years and over	3,105	1,435	1,665	7.8	7.2	8.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	40,035	19,800	20,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,445	3,095	3,350	16.1	15.6	16.6
Brazil	135	65	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	285	130	155	0.7	0.7	0.8
El Salvador	505	240	260	1.3	1.2	1.3
Guyana	60	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Haiti	2,740	1,310	1,430	6.8	6.6	7.1
Jamaica	75	30	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	435	190	245	1.1	1.0	1.2
Peru	330	140	185	0.8	0.7	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	330	175	155	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,515	750	760	3.8	3.8	3.8
Europe	7,375	3,375	3,995	18.4	17.0	19.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,500	700	800	3.7	3.5	4.0
Germany	70	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greece	1,590	695	895	4.0	3.5	4.4
Hungary	60	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italy	1,665	785	880	4.2	4.0	4.3
Netherlands	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	105	30	75	0.3	0.2	0.4
Portugal	455	220	235	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romania	565	270	290	1.4	1.4	1.4
Russian Federation	155	65	95	0.4	0.3	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	145	35	110	0.4	0.2	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	110	55	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	810	415	395	2.0	2.1	2.0
Africa	13,660	7,120	6,540	34.1	36.0	32.3
Algeria	3,900	2,075	1,830	9.7	10.5	9.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	540	255	285	1.3	1.3	1.4
Egypt	885	440	445	2.2	2.2	2.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	65	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Morocco	3,300	1,665	1,635	8.2	8.4	8.1
Nigeria	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	4,905	2,620	2,285	12.3	13.2	11.3
Asia	12,530	6,190	6,345	31.3	31.3	31.4
Afghanistan	135	75	60	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	155	75	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraq	170	75	95	0.4	0.4	0.5
Lebanon	2,590	1,365	1,220	6.5	6.9	6.0
Syria⁸⁹	2,875	1,425	1,450	7.2	7.2	7.2
Turkey	370	195	175	0.9	1.0	0.9
China⁹⁰	670	295	375	1.7	1.5	1.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Taiwan	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Philippines	270	100	180	0.7	0.5	0.9
Viet Nam	1,185	555	625	3.0	2.8	3.1
Bangladesh	290	150	140	0.7	0.8	0.7
India	920	450	470	2.3	2.3	2.3
Pakistan	795	430	370	2.0	2.2	1.8
Sri Lanka	640	315	320	1.6	1.6	1.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,355	610	750	3.4	3.1	3.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,515	3,790	3,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	705	365	330	9.4	9.6	8.9
Brazil	40	10	35	0.5	0.3	0.9
Colombia	50	20	30	0.7	0.5	0.8
Haiti	310	180	130	4.1	4.7	3.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	75	30	50	1.0	0.8	1.3
United States of America	60	45	20	0.8	1.2	0.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	140	75	70	1.9	2.0	1.9
Europe	470	240	230	6.3	6.3	6.2
France	165	85	80	2.2	2.2	2.1
Germany	15	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	25	10	0.5	0.7	0.3
Russian Federation	30	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ukraine	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	15	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	200	110	95	2.7	2.9	2.6
Africa	3,555	1,795	1,765	47.3	47.4	47.4
Algeria	815	400	415	10.8	10.6	11.1
Burundi	90	50	40	1.2	1.3	1.1
Cameroon	555	295	265	7.4	7.8	7.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	170	65	110	2.3	1.7	3.0
Côte d'Ivoire	230	110	110	3.1	2.9	3.0
Egypt	100	60	35	1.3	1.6	0.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Morocco	595	280	315	7.9	7.4	8.5
Nigeria	25	10	15	0.3	0.3	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	225	120	110	3.0	3.2	3.0
Other places of birth in Africa	725	390	335	9.6	10.3	9.0
Asia	2,780	1,390	1,395	37.0	36.7	37.4
Afghanistan	55	35	20	0.7	0.9	0.5
Bangladesh	35	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.5
China⁹⁰	65	20	40	0.9	0.5	1.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	505	235	275	6.7	6.2	7.4
Iran⁸⁸	60	15	40	0.8	0.4	1.1
Iraq	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	10	15	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	235	135	100	3.1	3.6	2.7
Nepal	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	75	15	55	1.0	0.4	1.5
Philippines	75	25	55	1.0	0.7	1.5
Saudi Arabia	95	65	30	1.3	1.7	0.8
Sri Lanka	40	20	25	0.5	0.5	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	1,215	640	575	16.2	16.9	15.4
Turkey	25	20	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
United Arab Emirates	65	45	15	0.9	1.2	0.4
Viet Nam	95	40	55	1.3	1.1	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	80	35	45	1.1	0.9	1.2
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,315	52,625	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	46,960	23,475	23,485	43.8	44.6	42.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	22,535	11,375	11,160	21.0	21.6	20.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,820	17,780	20,040	35.2	33.8	36.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,635	16,835	16,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,890	9,155	7,735	50.2	54.4	46.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,665	5,665	3,000	25.8	33.7	17.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,230	3,490	4,740	24.5	20.7	28.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,925	3,455	5,470	26.5	20.5	32.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,250	3,910	3,340	21.6	23.2	19.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	570	310	255	1.7	1.8	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,635	16,835	16,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,600	2,035	1,555	10.7	12.1	9.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,205	1,170	1,035	6.6	6.9	6.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	535	305	230	1.6	1.8	1.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,205	740	470	3.6	4.4	2.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	230	100	130	0.7	0.6	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,870	12,490	13,380	76.9	74.2	79.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,310	52,630	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	43,985	22,265	21,720	41.0	42.3	39.7
South Asian	5,460	2,910	2,545	5.1	5.5	4.7
Chinese	1,720	755	965	1.6	1.4	1.8
Black	13,485	6,790	6,695	12.6	12.9	12.2
Filipino	460	190	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Arab	14,415	7,520	6,900	13.4	14.3	12.6
Latin American	4,100	2,035	2,065	3.8	3.9	3.8
Southeast Asian	2,300	1,095	1,205	2.1	2.1	2.2
West Asian	580	285	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japanese	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	300	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,015	485	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	63,330	30,360	32,965	59.0	57.7	60.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,310	52,630	54,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	13,305	6,135	7,170	12.4	11.7	13.1
English	1,255	630	630	1.2	1.2	1.2
Irish	3,070	1,430	1,645	2.9	2.7	3.0
Scottish	1,405	695	705	1.3	1.3	1.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	18,845	9,130	9,715	17.6	17.3	17.8
German	1,180	545	635	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese	2,090	945	1,145	1.9	1.8	2.1
Italian	6,885	3,315	3,570	6.4	6.3	6.5
Indian (India)	1,905	990	915	1.8	1.9	1.7
Ukrainian	415	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Dutch	160	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Polish	625	285	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Québécois	5,820	2,855	2,965	5.4	5.4	5.4
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	270	120	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Filipino	345	130	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
French Canadian	4,070	1,875	2,190	3.8	3.6	4.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	855	405	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	920	405	510	0.9	0.8	0.9
Métis	115	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,055	525	525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Russian	560	260	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Norwegian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,185	570	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	480	215	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Spanish	1,280	665	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Swedish	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Acadian	775	335	440	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pakistani	1,325	740	585	1.2	1.4	1.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,505	1,285	1,220	2.3	2.4	2.2
Jewish	180	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Punjabi	320	180	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	1,705	815	890	1.6	1.5	1.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,530	2,925	2,605	5.2	5.6	4.8
Greek	4,270	2,005	2,260	4.0	3.8	4.1
Jamaican	185	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	330	125	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	790	365	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanese	3,460	1,815	1,645	3.2	3.4	3.0
Iranian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,225	650	575	1.1	1.2	1.1
Danish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	160	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sikh	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	675	335	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	4,075	1,915	2,160	3.8	3.6	3.9
Hindu	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	715	340	375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	255	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	625	300	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Croatian	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	795	425	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Egyptian	990	520	470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	745	365	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tamil	375	155	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	3,350	1,710	1,640	3.1	3.2	3.0
Czech	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	2,710	1,350	1,355	2.5	2.6	2.5
Guyanese	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	490	290	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
Serbian	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	540	270	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algerian	3,620	1,860	1,760	3.4	3.5	3.2
Brazilian	205	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	3,085	1,455	1,630	2.9	2.8	3.0
Slovak	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	625	260	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
African Caribbean	275	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	265	135	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Algonquin	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	405	225	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Chilean	340	195	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
Congolese	785	410	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nova Scotian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	365	195	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Yoruba	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	690	335	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber	1,680	945	730	1.6	1.8	1.3
Albanian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Brunswicker	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	160	105	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Barbadian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	1,060	595	470	1.0	1.1	0.9
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	195	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	240	130	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	210	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	825	430	395	0.8	0.8	0.7
Guatemalan	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	160	100	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	70	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	980	560	420	0.9	1.1	0.8
Assyrian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Igbo	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Byelorussian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	245	135	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	185	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	350	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	355	140	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	165	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Honduran	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Flemish	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	115	80	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	260	135	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	280	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Libyan	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Basque	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	370	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
St. Lucian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	200	135	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,310	52,630	54,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,565	705	860	1.5	1.3	1.6
Christian	56,635	26,065	30,570	52.8	49.5	55.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,255	3,535	3,720	6.8	6.7	6.8
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baptist	605	220	385	0.6	0.4	0.7
Catholic	37,435	17,075	20,360	34.9	32.4	37.2
Christian Orthodox	7,585	3,585	4,000	7.1	6.8	7.3
Jehovah's Witness	245	95	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	875	400	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Presbyterian	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,030	885	1,150	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hindu	1,940	940	995	1.8	1.8	1.8
Jewish	210	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	19,740	10,480	9,255	18.4	19.9	16.9
Sikh	750	405	345	0.7	0.8	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	430	260	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	26,040	13,665	12,375	24.3	26.0	22.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,135	51,990	54,145	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	94,815	46,315	48,495	89.3	89.1	89.6
Movers	11,320	5,665	5,650	10.7	10.9	10.4
Non-migrants	8,595	4,280	4,315	8.1	8.2	8.0
Migrants	2,725	1,390	1,335	2.6	2.7	2.5
Internal migrants	1,455	730	725	1.4	1.4	1.3
Intraprovincial migrants	1,250	630	620	1.2	1.2	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	1,270	660	610	1.2	1.3	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	101,200	49,415	51,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,210	28,565	30,640	58.5	57.8	59.2
Movers	41,990	20,850	21,145	41.5	42.2	40.8
Non-migrants	24,280	11,965	12,315	24.0	24.2	23.8
Migrants	17,715	8,885	8,830	17.5	18.0	17.0
Internal migrants	7,130	3,475	3,655	7.0	7.0	7.1
Intraprovincial migrants	6,445	3,160	3,285	6.4	6.4	6.3
Interprovincial migrants	680	315	365	0.7	0.6	0.7
External migrants	10,585	5,410	5,175	10.5	10.9	10.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,835	43,150	45,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,615	7,630	7,980	17.6	17.7	17.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	73,220	35,520	37,710	82.4	82.3	82.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	58,450	29,280	29,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	6,805	3,770	3,035	11.6	12.9	10.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	51,645	25,510	26,130	88.4	87.1	89.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,835	43,155	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,020	6,740	7,280	15.8	15.6	15.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,090	7,985	8,100	18.1	18.5	17.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	58,725	28,425	30,300	66.1	65.9	66.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,785	12,540	13,240	29.0	29.1	29.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,425	4,125	3,300	8.4	9.6	7.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,370	2,750	2,620	6.0	6.4	5.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,055	1,380	680	2.3	3.2	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,020	6,445	7,570	15.8	14.9	16.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,340	1,970	2,365	4.9	4.6	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,940	15,880	17,055	37.1	36.8	37.3
Bachelor's degree	19,000	8,995	10,005	21.4	20.8	21.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,455	1,645	1,810	3.9	3.8	4.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	955	435	520	1.1	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	8,140	4,010	4,125	9.2	9.3	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,390	790	595	1.6	1.8	1.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	58,445	29,280	29,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,745	3,205	2,540	9.8	10.9	8.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,865	4,225	3,635	13.5	14.4	12.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	44,840	21,845	22,990	76.7	74.6	78.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,015	9,040	8,975	30.8	30.9	30.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,530	3,050	2,480	9.5	10.4	8.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,050	2,045	2,005	6.9	7.0	6.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,485	1,005	475	2.5	3.4	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,300	4,485	4,820	15.9	15.3	16.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,180	1,500	1,675	5.4	5.1	5.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,820	12,805	14,020	45.9	43.7	48.1
Bachelor's degree	15,290	7,245	8,045	26.2	24.7	27.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,805	1,320	1,490	4.8	4.5	5.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	765	305	455	1.3	1.0	1.6
Master's degree	6,865	3,350	3,515	11.7	11.4	12.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,100	580	520	1.9	2.0	1.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	88,835	43,150	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,110	14,725	15,380	33.9	34.1	33.7
Education	3,600	855	2,745	4.1	2.0	6.0
13. Education	3,600	855	2,745	4.1	2.0	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,905	1,445	1,460	3.3	3.3	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	385	280	100	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,520	1,165	1,355	2.8	2.7	3.0
Humanities	4,135	1,575	2,560	4.7	3.7	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	775	205	565	0.9	0.5	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	285	75	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,660	685	980	1.9	1.6	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	135	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	320	145	175	0.4	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	750	255	500	0.8	0.6	1.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,340	3,150	5,185	9.4	7.3	11.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	125	10	110	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,225	410	815	1.4	1.0	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	950	85	870	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,710	780	925	1.9	1.8	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	220	80	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,275	320	955	1.4	0.7	2.1
45. Social sciences	2,825	1,465	1,360	3.2	3.4	3.0
Business, management and public administration	13,770	6,075	7,690	15.5	14.1	16.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	775	165	605	0.9	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,980	5,905	7,075	14.6	13.7	15.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,200	1,610	1,590	3.6	3.7	3.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,225	505	715	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	495	235	255	0.6	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	420	165	255	0.5	0.4	0.6
40. Physical sciences	950	615	330	1.1	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	75	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,400	2,400	995	3.8	5.6	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,675	2,005	675	3.0	4.6	1.5
25. Library science	245	90	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	395	245	150	0.4	0.6	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	80	65	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,450	7,935	1,515	10.6	18.4	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	720	375	340	0.8	0.9	0.7
14. Engineering	4,320	3,485	835	4.9	8.1	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,590	1,375	215	1.8	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,120	1,085	35	1.3	2.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,100	1,050	50	1.2	2.4	0.1
48. Precision production	600	560	40	0.7	1.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	670	380	290	0.8	0.9	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	430	255	170	0.5	0.6	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	245	130	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	7,090	1,800	5,285	8.0	4.2	11.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	440	220	220	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,280	1,405	4,875	7.1	3.3	10.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	355	170	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,170	1,185	985	2.4	2.7	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,330	465	865	1.5	1.1	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	415	360	55	0.5	0.8	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	405	345	60	0.5	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	58,450	29,280	29,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,610	7,435	6,175	23.3	25.4	21.2
Education	2,465	570	1,890	4.2	1.9	6.5
13. Education	2,465	570	1,890	4.2	1.9	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,215	1,105	1,110	3.8	3.8	3.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	190	95	0.5	0.6	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	1,930	915	1,020	3.3	3.1	3.5
Humanities	2,660	1,035	1,625	4.6	3.5	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	585	150	430	1.0	0.5	1.5
23. English language and literature/letters	215	75	140	0.4	0.3	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	905	380	515	1.5	1.3	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	105	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	210	85	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	510	180	325	0.9	0.6	1.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,310	2,310	4,000	10.8	7.9	13.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	90	0	90	0.2	0.0	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,030	330	695	1.8	1.1	2.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	755	70	685	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,245	535	715	2.1	1.8	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	50	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	950	245	710	1.6	0.8	2.4
45. Social sciences	2,105	1,075	1,030	3.6	3.7	3.5
Business, management and public administration	11,065	4,820	6,245	18.9	16.5	21.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	565	120	450	1.0	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,490	4,705	5,785	17.9	16.1	19.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,105	1,105	1,000	3.6	3.8	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,000	425	575	1.7	1.5	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	250	130	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	45	45	0.1	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	685	440	250	1.2	1.5	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	70	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,780	1,980	810	4.8	6.8	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,250	1,700	550	3.8	5.8	1.9
25. Library science	175	65	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	180	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,615	6,320	1,295	13.0	21.6	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	595	310	280	1.0	1.1	1.0
14. Engineering	3,700	2,950	750	6.3	10.1	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,230	1,075	150	2.1	3.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	835	795	35	1.4	2.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	850	805	40	1.5	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	410	380	30	0.7	1.3	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	615	340	275	1.1	1.2	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	380	215	165	0.7	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	235	125	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	5,295	1,320	3,970	9.1	4.5	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	345	160	185	0.6	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,645	1,035	3,615	7.9	3.5	12.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	300	125	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,715	945	770	2.9	3.2	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,035	350	685	1.8	1.2	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	345	300	45	0.6	1.0	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	325	285	35	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	58,450	29,280	29,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,610	7,435	6,175	23.3	25.4	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	44,840	21,845	22,990	76.7	74.6	78.8
Location of study inside Canada	32,595	15,395	17,195	55.8	52.6	58.9
Same as province or territory of residence	31,830	15,040	16,785	54.5	51.4	57.5
Different than province or territory of residence	760	360	405	1.3	1.2	1.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,245	6,450	5,795	20.9	22.0	19.9
Americas	1,635	795	840	2.8	2.7	2.9
United States of America	335	165	160	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexico	225	85	140	0.4	0.3	0.5
Cuba	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	370	210	160	0.6	0.7	0.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	105	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	125	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	40	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	230	100	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Europe	2,640	1,435	1,205	4.5	4.9	4.1
Belgium	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	1,385	785	595	2.4	2.7	2.0
Germany	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	145	90	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Poland	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romania	275	140	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	105	65	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160	90	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	200	110	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
Africa	5,255	2,890	2,365	9.0	9.9	8.1
Nigeria	95	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algeria	1,855	995	865	3.2	3.4	3.0
Morocco	1,120	600	520	1.9	2.0	1.8
Tunisia	485	280	215	0.8	1.0	0.7
Egypt	185	120	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,505	835	665	2.6	2.9	2.3
Asia	2,665	1,300	1,365	4.6	4.4	4.7
Iran⁸⁸	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	510	225	290	0.9	0.8	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	615	330	285	1.1	1.1	1.0
Turkey	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	200	80	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	130	30	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sri Lanka	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	515	270	250	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pakistan	100	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	210	105	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	88,835	43,150	45,680	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,145	29,715	27,430	...	...	...
Employed	51,295	26,550	24,745	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,850	3,165	2,680	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,695	13,435	18,255	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.3	68.9	60.0	64.3	68.9	60.0
Employment rate	57.7	61.5	54.2	57.7	61.5	54.2
Unemployment rate	10.2	10.7	9.8	10.2	10.7	9.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	88,835	43,150	45,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,725	14,075	18,645	36.8	32.6	40.8
Worked	56,115	29,080	27,040	63.2	67.4	59.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	28,165	15,260	12,905	31.7	35.4	28.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,945	13,820	14,130	31.5	32.0	30.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.8	40.1	39.4	39.8	40.1	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,140	29,715	27,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,940	1,015	925	3.4	3.4	3.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,200	28,700	26,505	96.6	96.6	96.6
Employee	48,275	24,375	23,895	84.5	82.0	87.1
Permanent position	39,825	20,525	19,305	69.7	69.1	70.4
Temporary position	8,450	3,850	4,595	14.8	13.0	16.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,435	1,545	1,885	6.0	5.2	6.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,015	2,310	2,710	8.8	7.8	9.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,925	4,320	2,605	12.1	14.5	9.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,140	29,715	27,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,940	1,015	925	3.4	3.4	3.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,200	28,700	26,505	96.6	96.6	96.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	880	585	300	1.5	2.0	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,955	4,225	6,730	19.2	14.2	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,930	4,430	1,505	10.4	14.9	5.5
3 Health occupations	5,090	1,260	3,830	8.9	4.2	14.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,910	2,495	5,415	13.8	8.4	19.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,465	1,290	1,170	4.3	4.3	4.3
6 Sales and service occupations	13,250	7,060	6,195	23.2	23.8	22.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,890	5,460	430	10.3	18.4	1.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	240	190	50	0.4	0.6	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,580	1,710	870	4.5	5.8	3.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,140	29,715	27,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,940	1,015	925	3.4	3.4	3.4
All industries¹⁹¹	55,200	28,700	26,505	96.6	96.6	96.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	115	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	505	270	225	0.9	0.9	0.8
23 Construction	1,740	1,545	195	3.0	5.2	0.7
31-33 Manufacturing	4,965	3,405	1,565	8.7	11.5	5.7
41 Wholesale trade	2,170	1,360	800	3.8	4.6	2.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,070	3,055	3,015	10.6	10.3	11.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,185	2,600	585	5.6	8.7	2.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,850	1,135	715	3.2	3.8	2.6
52 Finance and insurance	2,590	1,335	1,250	4.5	4.5	4.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,120	660	460	2.0	2.2	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,755	3,360	2,395	10.1	11.3	8.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	100	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,685	1,775	905	4.7	6.0	3.3
61 Educational services	5,250	1,780	3,475	9.2	6.0	12.7
62 Health care and social assistance	8,590	2,065	6,525	15.0	6.9	23.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	900	430	475	1.6	1.4	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	2,725	1,460	1,265	4.8	4.9	4.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,160	1,035	1,120	3.8	3.5	4.1
91 Public administration	2,675	1,280	1,395	4.7	4.3	5.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	60,315	31,230	29,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	5,675	3,435	2,240	9.4	11.0	7.7
French	27,535	13,345	14,190	45.7	42.7	48.8
Non-official language	345	185	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	345	185	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	23,920	12,835	11,080	39.7	41.1	38.1
English and non-official language(s)	495	295	200	0.8	0.9	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	600	265	335	1.0	0.8	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,715	850	860	2.8	2.7	3.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	60,315	31,230	29,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	53,970	27,860	26,110	89.5	89.2	89.8
Official languages	53,260	27,515	25,745	88.3	88.1	88.5
English	11,530	6,695	4,835	19.1	21.4	16.6
French	41,730	20,820	20,910	69.2	66.7	71.9
Non-official languages	710	345	360	1.2	1.1	1.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	710	345	360	1.2	1.1	1.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	170	90	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	170	90	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	170	90	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	290	145	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	140	65	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	95	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,345	3,375	2,975	10.5	10.8	10.2
English and French	5,765	3,045	2,720	9.6	9.8	9.4
English and non-official language(s)	145	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	175	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	245	140	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	60,315	31,230	29,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	39,360	20,065	19,295	65.3	64.2	66.3
English	13,400	7,130	6,270	22.2	22.8	21.6
French	5,475	3,000	2,480	9.1	9.6	8.5
Non-official language	985	500	485	1.6	1.6	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	980	500	485	1.6	1.6	1.7
English and French	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	620	280	335	1.0	0.9	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	280	175	105	0.5	0.6	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	110	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	51,295	26,545	24,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,620	6,700	6,915	26.6	25.2	27.9
Worked outside Canada	100	70	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	4,905	3,515	1,395	9.6	13.2	5.6
Usual place of work	32,670	16,260	16,410	63.7	61.3	66.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,670	16,260	16,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,190	11,870	13,320	77.1	73.0	81.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,600	1,535	1,060	8.0	9.4	6.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	4,815	2,785	2,025	14.7	17.1	12.3
Commute to a different province or territory	75	65	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,580	19,775	17,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	22,755	13,360	9,390	60.6	67.6	52.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	21,320	12,795	8,525	56.7	64.7	47.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,430	565	870	3.8	2.9	4.9
Public transit	10,495	4,425	6,070	27.9	22.4	34.1
Walked	2,735	1,075	1,660	7.3	5.4	9.3
Bicycle	895	560	330	2.4	2.8	1.9
Other method	705	350	350	1.9	1.8	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,580	19,775	17,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,185	2,890	3,295	16.5	14.6	18.5
15 to 29 minutes	13,410	7,250	6,165	35.7	36.7	34.6
30 to 44 minutes	10,720	6,040	4,685	28.5	30.5	26.3
45 to 59 minutes	4,130	2,045	2,095	11.0	10.3	11.8
60 minutes and over	3,120	1,555	1,565	8.3	7.9	8.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,580	19,775	17,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,925	1,450	475	5.1	7.3	2.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,140	3,230	1,915	13.7	16.3	10.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,855	4,725	5,140	26.2	23.9	28.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,340	3,870	4,465	22.2	19.6	25.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,675	2,665	3,005	15.1	13.5	16.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,640	3,835	2,805	17.7	19.4	15.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,900	11,200	10,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,725	1,935	1,790	17.0	17.3	16.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,170	9,260	8,910	83.0	82.7	83.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,360	7,870	7,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,835	1,460	1,375	18.5	18.6	18.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,130	1,090	1,040	13.9	13.9	13.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	705	370	340	4.6	4.7	4.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,525	6,410	6,115	81.5	81.4	81.6

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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