Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mississauga, City (CY)More information: Ontario [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	717,961	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	721,599	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 0.5	...	...	- 0.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	254,089	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	244,575	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,452.5	...	...	2,452.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	292.74	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	717,960	351,545	366,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	109,320	55,990	53,325	15.2	15.9	14.6
0 to 4 years	31,595	16,160	15,435	4.4	4.6	4.2
5 to 9 years	36,740	18,705	18,040	5.1	5.3	4.9
10 to 14 years	40,980	21,125	19,855	5.7	6.0	5.4
15 to 64 years	489,245	241,065	248,185	68.1	68.6	67.7
15 to 19 years	44,665	23,245	21,425	6.2	6.6	5.8
20 to 24 years	51,660	27,075	24,585	7.2	7.7	6.7
25 to 29 years	51,740	26,945	24,795	7.2	7.7	6.8
30 to 34 years	48,420	24,160	24,265	6.7	6.9	6.6
35 to 39 years	46,900	22,775	24,130	6.5	6.5	6.6
40 to 44 years	44,290	20,520	23,770	6.2	5.8	6.5
45 to 49 years	46,350	21,480	24,865	6.5	6.1	6.8
50 to 54 years	51,670	24,380	27,295	7.2	6.9	7.4
55 to 59 years	55,175	26,900	28,280	7.7	7.7	7.7
60 to 64 years	48,360	23,595	24,770	6.7	6.7	6.8
65 years and over	119,400	54,490	64,910	16.6	15.5	17.7
65 to 69 years	37,880	18,130	19,755	5.3	5.2	5.4
70 to 74 years	30,975	14,455	16,520	4.3	4.1	4.5
75 to 79 years	21,165	9,710	11,455	2.9	2.8	3.1
80 to 84 years	14,710	6,675	8,030	2.0	1.9	2.2
85 years and over	14,670	5,520	9,150	2.0	1.6	2.5
85 to 89 years	9,115	3,680	5,440	1.3	1.0	1.5
90 to 94 years	4,285	1,535	2,750	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	1,125	275	845	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	155	35	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.2	15.9	14.6	15.2	15.9	14.6
15 to 64 years	68.1	68.6	67.7	68.1	68.6	67.7
65 years and over	16.6	15.5	17.7	16.6	15.5	17.7
85 years and over	2.0	1.6	2.5	2.0	1.6	2.5
Average age of the population	41.1	40.1	42.1	41.1	40.1	42.1
Median age of the population	40.8	39.2	42.4	40.8	39.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	90,660	...	...	37.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	26,855	...	...	11.0	...	...
Row house	34,455	...	...	14.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,895	...	...	3.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,545	...	...	7.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	66,830	...	...	27.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	80	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	255	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	47,335	...	...	19.4	...	...
2 persons	67,705	...	...	27.7	...	...
3 persons	47,360	...	...	19.4	...	...
4 persons	47,210	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	34,965	...	...	14.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	712,825	349,900	362,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	608,645	295,555	313,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	342,985	171,345	171,645	56.4	58.0	54.8
Married	316,235	157,940	158,295	52.0	53.4	50.6
Living common-law	26,750	13,405	13,345	4.4	4.5	4.3
Living common law - Never married	18,380	9,205	9,180	3.0	3.1	2.9
Living common law - Separated	1,320	750	570	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	6,410	3,165	3,245	1.1	1.1	1.0
Living common law - Widowed	645	285	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	265,660	124,210	141,445	43.6	42.0	45.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	190,760	102,375	88,390	31.3	34.6	28.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	14,180	5,415	8,760	2.3	1.8	2.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	30,475	10,680	19,800	5.0	3.6	6.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	30,240	5,740	24,500	5.0	1.9	7.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	200,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	81,180	...	...	40.4	...	...
3 persons	50,845	...	...	25.3	...	...
4 persons	48,155	...	...	24.0	...	...
5 or more persons	20,620	...	...	10.3	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	200,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	165,710	...	...	82.5	...	...
Married couples	152,350	...	...	75.9	...	...
With children⁶	100,340	...	...	50.0	...	...
Without children	52,010	...	...	25.9	...	...
Common-law couples	13,355	...	...	6.7	...	...
With children⁶	5,330	...	...	2.7	...	...
Without children	8,025	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	35,090	...	...	17.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	28,715	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,380	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	712,825	349,895	362,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	617,560	306,115	311,450	86.6	87.5	85.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	331,415	165,705	165,710	46.5	47.4	45.7
Parents in one-parent families	35,095	6,380	28,715	4.9	1.8	7.9
Children⁶	251,055	134,030	117,025	35.2	38.3	32.2
In a two-parent family	196,690	104,545	92,145	27.6	29.9	25.4
In a one-parent family	54,365	29,485	24,875	7.6	8.4	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	95,265	43,785	51,480	13.4	12.5	14.2
Living alone	47,335	20,450	26,890	6.6	5.8	7.4
Living with other relatives⁷	23,355	8,670	14,680	3.3	2.5	4.0
Living with non-relatives only	24,575	14,665	9,910	3.4	4.2	2.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	158,795	...	...	64.9	...	...
Couple-family households	133,805	...	...	54.7	...	...
With children⁶	87,100	...	...	35.6	...	...
Without children	46,705	...	...	19.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	24,990	...	...	10.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	15,945	...	...	6.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	3,305	...	...	1.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	9,850	...	...	4.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	9,350	...	...	3.8	...	...
One-person households	47,335	...	...	19.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	603,590	293,945	309,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	571,335	278,075	293,260	94.7	94.6	94.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	43,200	35,600	39,200	43,200	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	571,620	278,205	293,415	94.7	94.6	94.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	33,200	35,600	39,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	502,730	251,855	250,870	83.3	85.7	81.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,800	29,000	34,800	40,800	29,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	416,025	214,690	201,345	68.9	73.0	65.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	43,600	33,600	38,800	43,600	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	518,755	250,215	268,540	85.9	85.1	86.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,800	6,000	9,500	7,800	6,000	9,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	53,615	22,615	30,995	8.9	7.7	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	188,245	93,920	94,330	31.2	32.0	30.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,000	9,700	9,000	8,000	9,700
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	603,595	293,930	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	571,305	278,290	293,015	94.7	94.7	94.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,150	61,900	46,840	54,150	61,900	46,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	571,595	278,435	293,165	94.7	94.7	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,640	49,760	39,800	44,640	49,760	39,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	502,720	252,405	250,315	83.3	85.9	80.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,120	59,450	42,720	51,120	59,450	42,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	416,030	215,060	200,970	68.9	73.2	64.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,450	59,600	44,800	52,450	59,600	44,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	519,055	250,380	268,675	86.0	85.2	86.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,110	8,880	11,260	10,110	8,880	11,260
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	53,365	22,595	30,765	8.8	7.7	9.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,300	5,845	6,630	6,300	5,845	6,630
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	187,375	93,085	94,290	31.0	31.7	30.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,660	9,550	9,770	9,660	9,550	9,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	603,590	293,930	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	200,090	111,360	88,735	33.1	37.9	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	72,000	61,600	66,500	72,000	61,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	82,300	89,800	72,700	82,300	89,800	72,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	156,125	74,510	81,615	25.9	25.3	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	18,200	15,300	16,600	18,200	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,320	30,120	24,740	27,320	30,120	24,740
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.0	87.0	78.0	83.0	87.0	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	74.4	65.6	70.6	74.4	65.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.0	12.9	22.0	17.0	12.9	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.5	1.1	0.8	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	5.6	7.7	6.5	5.6	7.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.9	5.2	6.7	5.9	5.2	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	603,590	293,950	309,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	32,255	15,870	16,385	5.3	5.4	5.3
With total income	571,340	278,080	293,260	94.7	94.6	94.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	59,240	25,220	34,025	10.4	9.1	11.6
$10,000 to $19,999	72,465	32,655	39,815	12.7	11.7	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	91,495	41,225	50,275	16.0	14.8	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	68,405	30,690	37,715	12.0	11.0	12.9
$40,000 to $49,999	56,785	25,965	30,820	9.9	9.3	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	47,345	22,500	24,850	8.3	8.1	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	37,410	18,550	18,860	6.5	6.7	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	29,075	15,260	13,820	5.1	5.5	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	23,260	13,145	10,110	4.1	4.7	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	18,555	10,620	7,940	3.2	3.8	2.7
$100,000 and over	67,295	42,255	25,040	11.8	15.2	8.5
$100,000 to $149,999	45,390	27,065	18,320	7.9	9.7	6.2
$150,000 and over	21,910	15,190	6,720	3.8	5.5	2.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	603,590	293,950	309,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	31,970	15,740	16,230	5.3	5.4	5.2
With after-tax income	571,625	278,205	293,415	94.7	94.6	94.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	61,165	25,970	35,200	10.7	9.3	12.0
$10,000 to $19,999	75,560	34,230	41,330	13.2	12.3	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	101,790	45,725	56,070	17.8	16.4	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	79,410	36,350	43,055	13.9	13.1	14.7
$40,000 to $49,999	66,680	31,555	35,125	11.7	11.3	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	51,360	25,250	26,110	9.0	9.1	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	37,625	19,915	17,710	6.6	7.2	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	27,845	15,825	12,020	4.9	5.7	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	22,560	12,335	10,225	3.9	4.4	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	13,935	8,305	5,630	2.4	3.0	1.9
$100,000 and over	33,685	22,750	10,935	5.9	8.2	3.7
$100,000 to $124,999	17,235	11,235	6,000	3.0	4.0	2.0
$125,000 and over	16,455	11,515	4,940	2.9	4.1	1.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	603,590	293,950	309,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	187,565	79,260	108,305	31.1	27.0	35.0
With employment income	416,030	214,685	201,340	68.9	73.0	65.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	59,875	28,915	30,965	14.4	13.5	15.4
$5,000 to $9,999	37,860	17,075	20,785	9.1	8.0	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	47,080	22,425	24,650	11.3	10.4	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	34,425	16,740	17,685	8.3	7.8	8.8
$30,000 to $39,999	33,370	16,010	17,360	8.0	7.5	8.6
$40,000 to $49,999	34,265	16,470	17,795	8.2	7.7	8.8
$50,000 to $59,999	32,040	15,975	16,060	7.7	7.4	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	27,140	14,165	12,975	6.5	6.6	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	21,620	11,860	9,755	5.2	5.5	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	18,350	10,780	7,570	4.4	5.0	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	15,430	8,980	6,455	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	54,580	35,290	19,295	13.1	16.4	9.6
$100,000 to $124,999	26,110	15,370	10,740	6.3	7.2	5.3
$125,000 and over	28,470	19,920	8,555	6.8	9.3	4.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	603,590	293,945	309,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	555,325	269,545	285,775	92.0	91.7	92.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,000	32,400	36,800	42,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	555,470	269,570	285,905	92.0	91.7	92.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,600	30,400	33,600	37,600	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	493,325	246,865	246,465	81.7	84.0	79.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	42,400	31,800	36,400	42,400	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	414,210	213,365	200,845	68.6	72.6	64.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,400	35,200	39,600	44,400	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	485,020	233,245	251,770	80.4	79.3	81.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,360	830	3,080	1,360	830	3,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,645	11,520	18,120	4.9	3.9	5.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,800	5,480	6,040	5,800	5,480	6,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	603,595	293,930	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	555,320	269,620	285,705	92.0	91.7	92.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,200	58,950	43,920	51,200	58,950	43,920
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	555,460	269,645	285,815	92.0	91.7	92.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,280	37,080	42,000	47,280	37,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	493,010	246,895	246,115	81.7	84.0	79.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,650	59,750	43,520	51,650	59,750	43,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	414,475	213,590	200,885	68.7	72.7	64.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,550	59,650	45,000	52,550	59,650	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	485,385	233,615	251,770	80.4	79.5	81.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,125	4,864	7,300	6,125	4,864	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,625	11,445	18,180	4.9	3.9	5.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,500	6,640	8,040	7,500	6,640	8,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	603,590	293,930	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	197,530	109,850	87,675	32.7	37.4	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	67,000	56,800	62,000	67,000	56,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,000	84,500	67,700	77,000	84,500	67,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	145,220	69,305	75,915	24.1	23.6	24.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	25,200	21,800	23,600	25,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,920	37,680	30,440	33,920	37,680	30,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	89.6	92.8	85.4	89.6	92.8	85.4
Employment income (%)	76.6	80.2	72.0	76.6	80.2	72.0
Government transfers (%)	10.5	7.1	14.6	10.5	7.1	14.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2	0.8	0.5	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	244,575	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	47,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	197,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	244,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	126,500	...	...	126,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	104,300	...	...	104,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	47,355	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	58,650	...	...	58,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,200	...	...	48,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	197,220	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	142,800	...	...	142,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,800	...	...	117,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,095	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,215	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,050	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,945	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,680	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,605	...	...	2.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,840	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,465	...	...	2.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,580	...	...	2.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,690	...	...	2.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,570	...	...	6.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,810	...	...	6.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,860	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,345	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,790	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	125,035	...	...	51.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,045	...	...	12.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,255	...	...	9.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	33,085	...	...	13.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	36,655	...	...	15.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,450	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,275	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,090	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,165	...	...	1.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,100	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,270	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,615	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,375	...	...	3.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,860	...	...	3.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,230	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,505	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,755	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	17,855	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,180	...	...	7.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,815	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	105,040	...	...	42.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	32,890	...	...	13.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	24,375	...	...	10.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	47,775	...	...	19.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	192,130	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	48,770	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	105,670	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	30,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	71,910	35,115	36,800	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	40,400	38,800	39,600	40,400	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	36,400	35,600	36,000	36,400	35,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	191,900	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	142,200	...	...	142,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	48,565	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	117,700	...	...	117,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,600	...	...	95,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	105,835	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	166,400	...	...	166,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,200	...	...	136,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	30,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,800	...	...	81,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	71,855	35,350	36,500	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,120	52,350	49,960	51,120	52,350	49,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,680	42,920	42,440	42,680	42,920	42,440
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	712,825	349,900	362,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	135,865	69,835	66,030	19.1	20.0	18.2
0 to 5 years	38,655	19,720	18,935	5.4	5.6	5.2
18 to 64 years	461,865	226,785	235,080	64.8	64.8	64.8
65 years and over	115,095	53,280	61,820	16.1	15.2	17.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	66,740	31,335	35,405	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	16,105	8,330	7,770	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,885	2,495	2,390	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	37,080	17,675	19,400	...	...	...
65 years and over	13,560	5,330	8,230	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.4	9.0	9.8	9.4	9.0	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	11.9	11.9	11.8	11.9	11.9	11.8
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.6
18 to 64 years (%)	8.0	7.8	8.3	8.0	7.8	8.3
65 years and over (%)	11.8	10.0	13.3	11.8	10.0	13.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	712,825	349,895	362,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	135,865	69,840	66,025	19.1	20.0	18.2
0 to 5 years	38,655	19,720	18,935	5.4	5.6	5.2
18 to 64 years	461,865	226,780	235,085	64.8	64.8	64.8
65 years and over	115,100	53,275	61,820	16.1	15.2	17.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	41,965	21,280	20,685	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	8,615	4,465	4,155	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,640	1,355	1,290	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	28,650	14,830	13,820	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,700	1,985	2,715	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	6.1	5.7	5.9	6.1	5.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.3	6.4	6.3	6.3	6.4	6.3
0 to 5 years (%)	6.8	6.9	6.8	6.8	6.9	6.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.5	5.9	6.2	6.5	5.9
65 years and over (%)	4.1	3.7	4.4	4.1	3.7	4.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	712,825	349,900	362,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	313,175	151,265	161,910	43.9	43.2	44.6
In bottom decile	61,650	30,120	31,530	8.6	8.6	8.7
In second decile	59,710	28,095	31,610	8.4	8.0	8.7
In third decile	61,960	29,800	32,160	8.7	8.5	8.9
In fourth decile	63,455	30,765	32,690	8.9	8.8	9.0
In fifth decile	66,405	32,480	33,915	9.3	9.3	9.3
In top half of the distribution	399,650	198,630	201,020	56.1	56.8	55.4
In sixth decile	70,015	34,345	35,670	9.8	9.8	9.8
In seventh decile	73,495	36,290	37,205	10.3	10.4	10.3
In eighth decile	78,265	38,865	39,395	11.0	11.1	10.9
In ninth decile	86,475	42,975	43,500	12.1	12.3	12.0
In top decile	91,405	46,155	45,250	12.8	13.2	12.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	712,825	...	...	712,825	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.343	...	...	0.343	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.450	...	...	0.450	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.297	...	...	0.297	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	714,840	350,580	364,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	641,785	320,635	321,140	89.8	91.5	88.2
French only	535	210	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	47,965	20,490	27,475	6.7	5.8	7.5
Neither English nor French	24,550	9,245	15,300	3.4	2.6	4.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	714,840	350,580	364,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	676,630	335,215	341,410	94.7	95.6	93.7
French	7,395	3,300	4,090	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and French	6,705	3,035	3,665	0.9	0.9	1.0
Neither English nor French	24,110	9,025	15,080	3.4	2.6	4.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	714,840	350,580	364,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	654,950	321,420	333,530	91.6	91.7	91.6
Official languages	326,820	163,730	163,090	45.7	46.7	44.8
English	320,640	160,955	159,690	44.9	45.9	43.8
French	6,180	2,775	3,405	0.9	0.8	0.9
Non-official languages	328,130	157,695	170,435	45.9	45.0	46.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	328,120	157,690	170,430	45.9	45.0	46.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	37,470	18,825	18,640	5.2	5.4	5.1
Berber languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,070	445	620	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,025	425	605	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	36,160	18,255	17,900	5.1	5.2	4.9
Amharic	360	165	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	33,265	16,865	16,405	4.7	4.8	4.5
Aramaic languages	1,505	740	765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,030	505	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	375	180	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	685	320	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	235	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10,440	4,730	5,715	1.5	1.3	1.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10,355	4,685	5,670	1.4	1.3	1.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	21,720	9,175	12,545	3.0	2.6	3.4
Bikol	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	515	205	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	295	115	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	755	330	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	920	425	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	285	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	18,325	7,705	10,620	2.6	2.2	2.9
Waray-Waray	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	695	320	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	370	175	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	17,630	8,905	8,730	2.5	2.5	2.4
Kannada	800	385	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	3,480	1,795	1,680	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	10,275	5,070	5,205	1.4	1.4	1.4
Telugu	2,940	1,580	1,360	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tulu	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	189,030	92,165	96,860	26.4	26.3	26.6
Albanian	2,485	1,245	1,245	0.3	0.4	0.3
Armenian	525	255	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	46,030	21,540	24,495	6.4	6.1	6.7
Baltic languages	540	230	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	450	190	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	45,490	21,310	24,180	6.4	6.1	6.6
Belarusian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	990	485	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	530	235	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	1,060	510	550	0.1	0.1	0.2
Polish	22,070	10,175	11,895	3.1	2.9	3.3
Russian	4,615	2,035	2,575	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	8,955	4,420	4,540	1.3	1.3	1.2
Bosnian	1,125	555	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	4,075	1,960	2,110	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbian	3,645	1,845	1,800	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	590	265	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	670	290	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	5,960	2,865	3,095	0.8	0.8	0.8
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,070	1,330	1,740	0.4	0.4	0.5
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,215	955	1,260	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	2,170	935	1,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	610	285	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	490	230	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	240	90	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,065	1,010	1,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	92,180	46,790	45,390	12.9	13.3	12.5
Indo-Aryan languages	85,835	43,600	42,235	12.0	12.4	11.6
Assamese	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,020	1,965	2,050	0.6	0.6	0.6
Gujarati	7,260	3,635	3,625	1.0	1.0	1.0
Hindi	11,685	5,970	5,710	1.6	1.7	1.6
Kacchi	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	715	350	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Marathi	1,990	1,010	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	895	475	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	155	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20,690	10,845	9,845	2.9	3.1	2.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	595	305	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,105	525	580	0.2	0.1	0.2
Urdu	35,995	18,070	17,930	5.0	5.2	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,325	3,180	3,150	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	250	140	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,170	615	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	4,875	2,410	2,465	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	2,220	1,080	1,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	2,230	1,120	1,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	420	205	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	42,635	19,990	22,645	6.0	5.7	6.2
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10,260	4,950	5,310	1.4	1.4	1.5
Portuguese	14,050	6,570	7,485	2.0	1.9	2.1
Romanian	2,530	1,200	1,330	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	15,765	7,255	8,510	2.2	2.1	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	750	265	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	4,370	2,000	2,370	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mongolian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,090	940	1,155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	630	270	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	255	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	385	185	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	40,325	18,620	21,705	5.6	5.3	6.0
Chinese languages	39,910	18,415	21,490	5.6	5.3	5.9
Hakka	250	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	23,180	10,740	12,440	3.2	3.1	3.4
Min Dong	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	885	395	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	280	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	14,830	6,810	8,020	2.1	1.9	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	410	190	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	400	190	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	305	115	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	155	45	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,435	765	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,235	665	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,570	705	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	105	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,360	620	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	59,890	29,160	30,725	8.4	8.3	8.4
English and French	2,500	1,140	1,365	0.3	0.3	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	50,705	24,930	25,770	7.1	7.1	7.1
French and non-official language(s)	960	440	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,400	625	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	4,325	2,030	2,295	0.6	0.6	0.6
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	714,840	350,580	364,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	339,600	169,550	170,055	47.5	48.4	46.7
French	1,660	785	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official language	92,650	43,395	49,250	13.0	12.4	13.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	92,645	43,395	49,250	13.0	12.4	13.5
English and French	6,065	2,620	3,450	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	257,535	126,595	130,945	36.0	36.1	35.9
French and non-official language(s)	500	215	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,490	3,615	4,870	1.2	1.0	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	8,335	3,805	4,530	1.2	1.1	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	714,840	350,580	364,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	642,395	315,100	327,300	89.9	89.9	89.9
Official languages	445,105	220,205	224,900	62.3	62.8	61.7
English	442,265	218,885	223,385	61.9	62.4	61.3
French	2,840	1,325	1,515	0.4	0.4	0.4
Non-official languages	197,295	94,895	102,395	27.6	27.1	28.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	197,290	94,895	102,400	27.6	27.1	28.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	22,565	11,015	11,550	3.2	3.1	3.2
Berber languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	505	210	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	485	205	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	21,920	10,730	11,185	3.1	3.1	3.1
Amharic	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20,380	10,005	10,375	2.9	2.9	2.8
Aramaic languages	1,095	520	575	0.2	0.1	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	730	345	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	165	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	7,495	3,435	4,060	1.0	1.0	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	7,475	3,425	4,045	1.0	1.0	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	11,880	5,400	6,485	1.7	1.5	1.8
Bikol	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	265	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	350	160	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	385	175	215	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,335	4,710	5,630	1.4	1.3	1.5
Waray-Waray	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	430	205	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	11,535	5,700	5,835	1.6	1.6	1.6
Kannada	440	230	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	2,075	1,055	1,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	7,195	3,460	3,730	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	1,765	925	840	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	107,145	52,170	54,970	15.0	14.9	15.1
Albanian	1,240	605	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25,395	12,040	13,355	3.6	3.4	3.7
Baltic languages	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25,205	11,960	13,245	3.5	3.4	3.6
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	560	275	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	160	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	535	250	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	12,460	5,830	6,625	1.7	1.7	1.8
Russian	3,060	1,420	1,640	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,535	2,230	2,305	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	580	280	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,765	845	920	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbian	2,150	1,080	1,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	225	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,520	1,710	1,810	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	265	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	185	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	705	330	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	59,885	30,070	29,815	8.4	8.6	8.2
Indo-Aryan languages	56,140	28,265	27,880	7.9	8.1	7.7
Assamese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,540	1,215	1,330	0.4	0.3	0.4
Gujarati	4,335	2,085	2,250	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	6,860	3,475	3,385	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kacchi	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,175	600	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	575	305	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,860	7,820	7,035	2.1	2.2	1.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	315	165	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	560	265	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	24,310	12,050	12,260	3.4	3.4	3.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,740	1,810	1,935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	695	340	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,880	1,385	1,500	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	1,300	630	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,315	620	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	19,370	8,880	10,490	2.7	2.5	2.9
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,825	1,195	1,630	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	5,925	2,760	3,165	0.8	0.8	0.9
Romanian	1,245	595	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	9,365	4,320	5,040	1.3	1.2	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	440	190	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	3,145	1,470	1,675	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	760	345	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	295	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	280	160	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	210	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30,050	14,015	16,040	4.2	4.0	4.4
Chinese languages	29,760	13,875	15,880	4.2	4.0	4.4
Hakka	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	18,070	8,550	9,515	2.5	2.4	2.6
Min Dong	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	415	185	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10,705	4,870	5,835	1.5	1.4	1.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	255	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	210	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	840	435	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	735	385	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	505	245	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	485	230	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	72,440	35,485	36,955	10.1	10.1	10.1
English and French	1,525	680	850	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	68,355	33,655	34,700	9.6	9.6	9.5
French and non-official language(s)	325	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	885	375	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,340	620	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	714,840	350,585	364,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	492,280	242,340	249,940	68.9	69.1	68.6
English	84,240	41,680	42,560	11.8	11.9	11.7
French	6,000	2,525	3,475	0.8	0.7	1.0
Non-official language	101,055	48,865	52,195	14.1	13.9	14.3
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	101,040	48,855	52,180	14.1	13.9	14.3
English and French	1,250	540	710	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	12,975	6,475	6,505	1.8	1.8	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	3,690	1,555	2,135	0.5	0.4	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	13,150	6,520	6,635	1.8	1.9	1.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	712,825	349,875	362,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	688,520	340,690	347,835	96.6	97.4	95.8
English	688,000	340,480	347,520	96.5	97.3	95.8
French	48,150	20,240	27,905	6.8	5.8	7.7
Non-official languages	438,795	211,915	226,880	61.6	60.6	62.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	438,745	211,880	226,865	61.6	60.6	62.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	54,370	27,465	26,905	7.6	7.8	7.4
Berber languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	700	305	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	1,785	755	1,030	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bilen	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,705	710	995	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	52,455	26,650	25,810	7.4	7.6	7.1
Amharic	600	300	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	49,495	25,250	24,250	6.9	7.2	6.7
Aramaic languages	2,205	1,120	1,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	1,375	715	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	585	295	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic, n.o.s.	265	120	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	505	285	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,005	475	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	435	190	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	13,870	6,505	7,365	1.9	1.9	2.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	13,745	6,425	7,320	1.9	1.8	2.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30,380	12,860	17,520	4.3	3.7	4.8
Bikol	145	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,070	405	665	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fijian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	515	205	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,400	595	805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	1,220	540	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kankanaey	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	350	195	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	410	185	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	28,240	11,900	16,340	4.0	3.4	4.5
Waray-Waray	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	520	220	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,370	1,080	1,285	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	205	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	280	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,035	515	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	745	310	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	265	110	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	27,955	14,220	13,730	3.9	4.1	3.8
Kannada	2,555	1,295	1,260	0.4	0.4	0.3
Malayalam	5,875	2,970	2,905	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tamil	17,180	8,685	8,495	2.4	2.5	2.3
Telugu	5,570	3,100	2,460	0.8	0.9	0.7
Tulu	390	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	263,220	129,250	133,975	36.9	36.9	36.9
Albanian	3,590	1,770	1,820	0.5	0.5	0.5
Armenian	760	365	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	55,720	26,465	29,255	7.8	7.6	8.1
Baltic languages	560	250	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	455	205	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages	55,330	26,280	29,050	7.8	7.5	8.0
Belarusian	175	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,350	700	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	845	415	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	1,690	775	920	0.2	0.2	0.3
Polish	27,810	13,075	14,730	3.9	3.7	4.1
Russian	9,165	4,250	4,920	1.3	1.2	1.4
Rusyn	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	11,745	5,870	5,875	1.6	1.7	1.6
Bosnian	2,100	1,025	1,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	6,735	3,300	3,435	0.9	0.9	0.9
Serbian	4,950	2,535	2,415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	185	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	645	305	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	995	400	595	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukrainian	8,620	4,015	4,605	1.2	1.1	1.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,755	3,255	3,500	0.9	0.9	1.0
Frisian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,230	2,570	2,660	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	5,190	2,550	2,640	0.7	0.7	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,190	590	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	385	200	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	745	360	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	525	240	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	225	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	265	110	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,320	1,695	1,625	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	139,200	70,370	68,830	19.5	20.1	19.0
Indo-Aryan languages	132,170	66,840	65,330	18.5	19.1	18.0
Assamese	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	6,400	3,130	3,275	0.9	0.9	0.9
Gujarati	12,330	6,155	6,175	1.7	1.8	1.7
Hindi	54,740	27,605	27,135	7.7	7.9	7.5
Kacchi	605	265	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	1,975	890	1,085	0.3	0.3	0.3
Marathi	5,100	2,565	2,540	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nepali	1,260	625	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oriya languages	435	240	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Odia	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	37,835	19,910	17,925	5.3	5.7	4.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	1,355	695	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	2,005	955	1,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Urdu	55,765	27,985	27,775	7.8	8.0	7.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	920	475	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	8,635	4,340	4,295	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baluchi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	490	305	180	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,055	1,080	970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	6,505	3,210	3,300	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	3,085	1,495	1,590	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	3,105	1,585	1,515	0.4	0.5	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	480	210	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	59,405	28,185	31,215	8.3	8.1	8.6
Catalan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	16,055	7,840	8,210	2.3	2.2	2.3
Portuguese	18,895	8,830	10,065	2.7	2.5	2.8
Romanian	3,120	1,545	1,580	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	24,075	11,240	12,835	3.4	3.2	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	85	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,775	810	965	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	5,260	2,445	2,815	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mongolian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	6,195	2,805	3,390	0.9	0.8	0.9
Akan (Twi)	1,225	495	730	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bamanankan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	315	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	195	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	110	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	500	240	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	100	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	190	60	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,550	740	810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	1,455	730	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	685	310	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	675	340	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	585	295	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	47,480	22,215	25,265	6.7	6.3	7.0
Chinese languages	47,005	21,970	25,035	6.6	6.3	6.9
Hakka	400	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	31,700	14,725	16,980	4.4	4.2	4.7
Min Dong	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,660	745	920	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	465	190	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	19,900	9,320	10,585	2.8	2.7	2.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	435	195	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	455	235	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Burmese	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	440	195	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	210	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,440	1,330	1,120	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	2,245	1,225	1,020	0.3	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,835	875	965	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,560	745	810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	135	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	712,825	349,875	362,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,555	1,795	1,755	0.5	0.5	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,375	1,715	1,660	0.5	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,950	985	975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	1,395	730	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	709,270	348,080	361,185	99.5	99.5	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	712,825	349,875	362,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,005	500	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	711,820	349,375	362,445	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	172,225	...	...	70.4	...	...
Renter	72,355	...	...	29.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	69,070	...	...	28.2	...	...
Not condominium	175,510	...	...	71.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,275	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	31,240	...	...	12.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	49,850	...	...	20.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	79,885	...	...	32.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	82,320	...	...	33.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	78,710	...	...	32.2	...	...
5 rooms	36,265	...	...	14.8	...	...
6 rooms	35,265	...	...	14.4	...	...
7 rooms	28,750	...	...	11.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	65,590	...	...	26.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	229,855	...	...	94.0	...	...
More than one person per room	14,720	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	216,910	...	...	88.7	...	...
Not suitable	27,660	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	17,730	...	...	7.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	75,015	...	...	30.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	47,955	...	...	19.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	46,745	...	...	19.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	23,530	...	...	9.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	15,745	...	...	6.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,550	...	...	3.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,300	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	232,950	...	...	95.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	11,625	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	110,565	...	...	45.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	112,395	...	...	46.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	21,620	...	...	8.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	3,595	...	...	1.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,745	...	...	10.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	40,875	...	...	16.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	51,605	...	...	21.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	58,260	...	...	23.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	38,545	...	...	15.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	19,955	...	...	8.2	...	...
85 years and over	6,995	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	243,100	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	174,940	...	...	72.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	68,155	...	...	28.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	60,495	...	...	24.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	244,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	95,180	...	...	38.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	57,695	...	...	23.6	...	...
Not suitable only	19,345	...	...	7.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,285	...	...	2.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	6,515	...	...	2.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	3,535	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,390	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	415	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	149,400	...	...	61.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	235,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	35,085	...	...	14.9	...	...
Not in core need	200,350	...	...	85.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	172,220	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.3	...	...	60.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.5	...	...	23.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6	...	...	9.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,800	...	...	1,800	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,974	...	...	1,974	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	900,000	...	...	900,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	999,000	...	...	999,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	72,350	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.9	...	...	12.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.1	...	...	39.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	28.0	...	...	28.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,650	...	...	1,650	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	712,825	349,880	362,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	755	365	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	750	360	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	490	220	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	255	140	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,295	2,230	2,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,200	2,195	2,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,050	1,610	1,445	0.4	0.5	0.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,135	580	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	707,780	347,285	360,495	99.3	99.3	99.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	712,825	349,880	362,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	600,215	294,035	306,180	84.2	84.0	84.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	118,190	60,365	57,825	16.6	17.3	15.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	482,020	233,670	248,350	67.6	66.8	68.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	112,610	55,840	56,770	15.8	16.0	15.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	712,825	349,880	362,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	306,375	154,210	152,165	43.0	44.1	41.9
Immigrants⁸¹	379,425	181,245	198,175	53.2	51.8	54.6
Before 1980	58,680	27,785	30,890	8.2	7.9	8.5
1980 to 1990	47,340	22,805	24,535	6.6	6.5	6.8
1991 to 2000	83,110	39,565	43,540	11.7	11.3	12.0
2001 to 2010	95,400	45,225	50,175	13.4	12.9	13.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	94,895	45,860	49,040	13.3	13.1	13.5
2011 to 2015	42,390	19,970	22,420	5.9	5.7	6.2
2016 to 2021	52,500	25,885	26,620	7.4	7.4	7.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	27,030	14,420	12,610	3.8	4.1	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	379,420	181,245	198,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	32,680	16,660	16,020	8.6	9.2	8.1
5 to 14 years	63,840	33,265	30,575	16.8	18.4	15.4
15 to 24 years	70,345	31,280	39,065	18.5	17.3	19.7
25 to 44 years	173,645	81,920	91,725	45.8	45.2	46.3
45 years and over	38,915	18,120	20,795	10.3	10.0	10.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	379,420	181,245	198,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	46,530	20,760	25,765	12.3	11.5	13.0
Brazil	1,275	550	730	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	3,385	1,555	1,830	0.9	0.9	0.9
El Salvador	815	390	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	6,240	2,705	3,530	1.6	1.5	1.8
Haiti	155	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	11,015	4,620	6,390	2.9	2.5	3.2
Mexico	1,390	620	770	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	1,335	600	740	0.4	0.3	0.4
Trinidad and Tobago	5,760	2,595	3,165	1.5	1.4	1.6
United States of America	5,580	2,610	2,970	1.5	1.4	1.5
Other places of birth in Americas	9,565	4,415	5,150	2.5	2.4	2.6
Europe	77,850	37,130	40,720	20.5	20.5	20.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	2,385	1,215	1,175	0.6	0.7	0.6
Croatia	3,035	1,510	1,525	0.8	0.8	0.8
France	625	305	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	2,115	985	1,125	0.6	0.5	0.6
Greece	1,385	695	695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungary	690	320	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	6,805	3,450	3,355	1.8	1.9	1.7
Netherlands	475	235	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	19,025	8,650	10,380	5.0	4.8	5.2
Portugal	10,415	5,020	5,395	2.7	2.8	2.7
Romania	2,645	1,270	1,375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	1,985	860	1,125	0.5	0.5	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	1,835	930	905	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukraine	4,675	2,205	2,475	1.2	1.2	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,225	4,530	4,695	2.4	2.5	2.4
Other places of birth in Europe	10,525	4,960	5,565	2.8	2.7	2.8
Africa	25,430	12,395	13,030	6.7	6.8	6.6
Algeria	340	185	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	8,975	4,605	4,370	2.4	2.5	2.2
Eritrea	255	120	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	480	215	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	460	155	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nigeria	2,920	1,510	1,405	0.8	0.8	0.7
Somalia	905	355	555	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	1,170	560	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	9,660	4,550	5,110	2.5	2.5	2.6
Asia	228,910	110,640	118,270	60.3	61.0	59.7
Afghanistan	2,470	1,270	1,205	0.7	0.7	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	2,675	1,440	1,235	0.7	0.8	0.6
Iraq	8,415	4,260	4,155	2.2	2.4	2.1
Lebanon	3,315	1,595	1,725	0.9	0.9	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	6,705	3,330	3,370	1.8	1.8	1.7
Turkey	985	550	440	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	22,830	10,410	12,415	6.0	5.7	6.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	6,655	3,180	3,475	1.8	1.8	1.8
Korea, South⁹²	4,125	1,910	2,215	1.1	1.1	1.1
Taiwan	1,685	720	960	0.4	0.4	0.5
Philippines	28,670	12,345	16,330	7.6	6.8	8.2
Viet Nam	10,950	5,055	5,890	2.9	2.8	3.0
Bangladesh	3,065	1,535	1,535	0.8	0.8	0.8
India	61,255	30,465	30,790	16.1	16.8	15.5
Pakistan	33,805	17,050	16,755	8.9	9.4	8.5
Sri Lanka	7,785	3,690	4,090	2.1	2.0	2.1
Other places of birth in Asia	23,530	11,845	11,680	6.2	6.5	5.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	700	315	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	52,505	25,885	26,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,975	1,830	2,150	7.6	7.1	8.1
Brazil	275	100	175	0.5	0.4	0.7
Colombia	310	105	210	0.6	0.4	0.8
Haiti	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	705	365	340	1.3	1.4	1.3
Mexico	270	135	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
United States of America	1,260	595	665	2.4	2.3	2.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	195	65	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	945	465	480	1.8	1.8	1.8
Europe	3,120	1,545	1,575	5.9	6.0	5.9
France	80	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germany	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	105	70	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Italy	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	185	65	120	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ukraine	610	290	315	1.2	1.1	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	260	150	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,775	870	910	3.4	3.4	3.4
Africa	4,550	2,270	2,275	8.7	8.8	8.5
Algeria	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	1,555	790	765	3.0	3.1	2.9
Eritrea	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	65	40	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Morocco	135	50	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nigeria	1,275	665	610	2.4	2.6	2.3
Somalia	105	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	165	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sudan⁹⁷	140	45	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tunisia	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	770	390	380	1.5	1.5	1.4
Asia	40,800	20,215	20,590	77.7	78.1	77.4
Afghanistan	355	145	215	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bangladesh	455	230	220	0.9	0.9	0.8
China⁹⁰	2,680	1,140	1,540	5.1	4.4	5.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	95	35	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	16,580	8,685	7,900	31.6	33.6	29.7
Iran⁸⁸	260	145	115	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iraq	2,045	1,025	1,025	3.9	4.0	3.9
Israel	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japan	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jordan	315	175	140	0.6	0.7	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	285	105	180	0.5	0.4	0.7
Lebanon	495	240	260	0.9	0.9	1.0
Nepal	225	120	105	0.4	0.5	0.4
Pakistan	4,305	2,135	2,165	8.2	8.2	8.1
Philippines	3,065	1,330	1,730	5.8	5.1	6.5
Saudi Arabia	1,030	490	540	2.0	1.9	2.0
Sri Lanka	400	160	240	0.8	0.6	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	4,375	2,175	2,195	8.3	8.4	8.2
Turkey	290	160	130	0.6	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	1,265	670	595	2.4	2.6	2.2
Viet Nam	745	280	465	1.4	1.1	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	1,420	715	705	2.7	2.8	2.6
Oceania and other⁹³	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	712,825	349,875	362,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	412,535	198,815	213,715	57.9	56.8	58.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	192,000	97,085	94,915	26.9	27.7	26.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	108,295	53,975	54,320	15.2	15.4	15.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	320,745	153,460	167,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	179,000	91,230	87,770	55.8	59.4	52.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	69,680	45,935	23,745	21.7	29.9	14.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	109,320	45,290	64,030	34.1	29.5	38.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	89,420	34,500	54,920	27.9	22.5	32.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	48,575	26,020	22,555	15.1	17.0	13.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	3,755	1,710	2,040	1.2	1.1	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	320,745	153,460	167,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	18,860	10,075	8,780	5.9	6.6	5.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	21,710	10,255	11,450	6.8	6.7	6.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	5,400	2,775	2,630	1.7	1.8	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	11,195	5,395	5,795	3.5	3.5	3.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,775	730	1,050	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	261,805	124,230	137,575	81.6	81.0	82.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	712,825	349,875	362,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	441,480	215,950	225,520	61.9	61.7	62.1
South Asian	180,800	91,790	89,010	25.4	26.2	24.5
Chinese	52,095	24,770	27,325	7.3	7.1	7.5
Black	49,220	22,640	26,575	6.9	6.5	7.3
Filipino	38,335	17,390	20,945	5.4	5.0	5.8
Arab	42,805	21,920	20,885	6.0	6.3	5.8
Latin American	17,325	7,905	9,415	2.4	2.3	2.6
Southeast Asian	17,165	8,195	8,965	2.4	2.3	2.5
West Asian	8,510	4,305	4,200	1.2	1.2	1.2
Korean	5,825	2,805	3,020	0.8	0.8	0.8
Japanese	2,115	925	1,190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	10,890	5,220	5,670	1.5	1.5	1.6
Multiple visible minorities	16,410	8,075	8,330	2.3	2.3	2.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	271,345	133,925	137,425	38.1	38.3	37.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	712,825	349,875	362,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	42,315	21,530	20,790	5.9	6.2	5.7
English	46,415	23,000	23,415	6.5	6.6	6.5
Irish	39,785	19,520	20,265	5.6	5.6	5.6
Scottish	36,800	17,910	18,890	5.2	5.1	5.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,425	7,195	8,230	2.2	2.1	2.3
German	19,285	9,635	9,650	2.7	2.8	2.7
Chinese	55,350	26,310	29,045	7.8	7.5	8.0
Italian	38,075	19,230	18,845	5.3	5.5	5.2
Indian (India)	90,560	45,830	44,730	12.7	13.1	12.3
Ukrainian	17,350	8,410	8,940	2.4	2.4	2.5
Dutch	6,125	2,945	3,185	0.9	0.8	0.9
Polish	36,095	17,275	18,820	5.1	4.9	5.2
Québécois	445	235	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	12,325	6,035	6,290	1.7	1.7	1.7
Filipino	37,325	17,115	20,210	5.2	4.9	5.6
French Canadian	3,120	1,520	1,600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	4,980	2,510	2,465	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,615	835	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis	1,460	750	715	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,500	3,155	3,345	0.9	0.9	0.9
Russian	6,265	2,795	3,470	0.9	0.8	1.0
Norwegian	1,235	605	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Welsh	3,880	1,815	2,065	0.5	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	27,845	13,555	14,290	3.9	3.9	3.9
American	3,425	1,620	1,795	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	9,865	4,515	5,350	1.4	1.3	1.5
Swedish	1,420	725	695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	3,945	1,850	2,095	0.6	0.5	0.6
Acadian	600	340	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistani	41,025	20,915	20,110	5.8	6.0	5.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	9,710	4,560	5,145	1.4	1.3	1.4
Jewish	2,065	1,000	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Punjabi	10,725	5,625	5,100	1.5	1.6	1.4
Vietnamese	15,010	7,250	7,765	2.1	2.1	2.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	16,645	8,490	8,155	2.3	2.4	2.2
Greek	5,890	2,980	2,910	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	15,860	7,065	8,795	2.2	2.0	2.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	9,685	4,670	5,020	1.4	1.3	1.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	6,025	2,890	3,140	0.8	0.8	0.9
Romanian	3,755	1,845	1,910	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanese	4,645	2,270	2,375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Iranian	3,165	1,675	1,490	0.4	0.5	0.4
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	6,110	2,960	3,150	0.9	0.8	0.9
Danish	990	535	460	0.1	0.2	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	540	260	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	6,110	3,190	2,920	0.9	0.9	0.8
Austrian	1,940	965	975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belgian	665	335	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	11,545	5,960	5,580	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mexican	2,350	1,110	1,240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	200	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	980	490	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	995	500	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	7,370	3,610	3,765	1.0	1.0	1.0
Croatian	7,955	4,085	3,875	1.1	1.2	1.1
Japanese	2,875	1,315	1,560	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	10,410	5,095	5,315	1.5	1.5	1.5
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	415	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	725	365	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	10,055	5,150	4,910	1.4	1.5	1.4
Egyptian	9,950	5,160	4,795	1.4	1.5	1.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	3,455	1,660	1,795	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	6,505	3,305	3,200	0.9	0.9	0.9
Icelandic	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	3,820	1,830	1,985	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	530	205	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,485	670	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	6,385	3,210	3,180	0.9	0.9	0.9
Guyanese	6,165	2,920	3,240	0.9	0.8	0.9
Afghan	4,085	2,055	2,035	0.6	0.6	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	4,015	1,875	2,140	0.6	0.5	0.6
Serbian	4,680	2,395	2,290	0.7	0.7	0.6
Ojibway	300	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	750	390	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	2,595	1,195	1,400	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ontarian	1,060	510	550	0.1	0.1	0.2
Persian	1,685	930	755	0.2	0.3	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,460	2,545	2,910	0.8	0.7	0.8
Turkish	3,150	1,655	1,495	0.4	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	2,740	1,415	1,330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	355	190	170	0.0	0.1	0.0
Brazilian	1,630	745	895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	2,470	1,225	1,245	0.3	0.4	0.3
Armenian	1,295	600	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	1,385	710	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,275	605	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	2,165	935	1,230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwanese	1,415	620	800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	5,695	2,875	2,820	0.8	0.8	0.8
Salvadorean	940	440	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	3,695	1,620	2,075	0.5	0.5	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,210	1,500	1,710	0.5	0.4	0.5
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,730	2,425	2,310	0.7	0.7	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	3,050	1,345	1,705	0.4	0.4	0.5
Algonquin	85	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	4,120	1,935	2,185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lithuanian	1,160	535	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	1,030	510	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	475	255	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	6,080	3,100	2,980	0.9	0.9	0.8
Chilean	1,225	565	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	285	130	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	365	140	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	740	360	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,565	715	850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	1,580	725	855	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	1,220	650	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	180	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	3,830	1,895	1,935	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	2,985	1,500	1,485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Macedonian	2,070	980	1,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovenian	2,470	1,190	1,280	0.3	0.3	0.4
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	300	170	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	2,210	1,130	1,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrean	490	240	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Canadian	1,315	665	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israeli	360	190	175	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	320	140	185	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	1,395	705	700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	1,540	745	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Barbadian	1,380	600	785	0.2	0.2	0.2
African American	780	330	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	750	390	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,540	780	765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	965	475	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	2,125	1,065	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Venezuelan	930	420	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	440	170	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	1,560	780	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	75	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	565	280	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,180	520	660	0.2	0.1	0.2
Laotian	380	140	240	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	755	405	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	545	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	240	145	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	1,305	560	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Franco Ontarian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	790	420	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	385	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	490	260	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	690	380	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	3,860	1,895	1,960	0.5	0.5	0.5
Thai	300	125	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	560	260	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	1,005	480	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	1,120	600	520	0.2	0.2	0.1
Igbo	465	225	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	535	225	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	220	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	945	460	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	605	275	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	705	345	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	720	310	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	245	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	340	175	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	805	410	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	515	245	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	580	255	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	1,360	710	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manitoban	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	665	335	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	965	465	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean	725	370	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sinhalese	840	415	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	190	125	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	840	375	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Flemish	75	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	1,205	650	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Malay	510	255	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Goan	2,125	1,045	1,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	135	90	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	310	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	275	170	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	640	305	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	620	275	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ugandan	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	70	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	370	150	215	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yemeni	490	255	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	265	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	90	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	475	195	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	350	155	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	145	95	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	235	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	740	405	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Roma	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	630	325	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Singaporean	180	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	330	180	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amhara	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	712,825	349,880	362,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	14,300	6,575	7,725	2.0	1.9	2.1
Christian	355,735	166,755	188,980	49.9	47.7	52.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	51,655	23,720	27,935	7.2	6.8	7.7
Anabaptist	325	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	14,605	6,670	7,935	2.0	1.9	2.2
Baptist	5,865	2,680	3,185	0.8	0.8	0.9
Catholic	216,650	102,975	113,675	30.4	29.4	31.3
Christian Orthodox	25,625	12,390	13,235	3.6	3.5	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	1,905	795	1,110	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	370	155	210	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	2,235	1,070	1,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	955	410	545	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	8,315	3,670	4,650	1.2	1.0	1.3
Presbyterian	5,900	2,600	3,300	0.8	0.7	0.9
Reformed	385	190	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	10,595	4,650	5,945	1.5	1.3	1.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	10,350	4,615	5,730	1.5	1.3	1.6
Hindu	62,520	31,705	30,805	8.8	9.1	8.5
Jewish	1,380	670	710	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	120,965	61,075	59,880	17.0	17.5	16.5
Sikh	24,505	12,645	11,860	3.4	3.6	3.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	4,465	1,895	2,575	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	128,940	68,550	60,390	18.1	19.6	16.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	707,075	346,910	360,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	633,415	309,810	323,605	89.6	89.3	89.8
Movers	73,665	37,095	36,565	10.4	10.7	10.2
Non-migrants	40,870	20,605	20,260	5.8	5.9	5.6
Migrants	32,795	16,490	16,305	4.6	4.8	4.5
Internal migrants	20,565	10,300	10,270	2.9	3.0	2.9
Intraprovincial migrants	18,310	9,135	9,180	2.6	2.6	2.5
Interprovincial migrants	2,255	1,165	1,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	12,230	6,195	6,035	1.7	1.8	1.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	681,500	333,955	347,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	456,750	221,515	235,235	67.0	66.3	67.7
Movers	224,750	112,445	112,305	33.0	33.7	32.3
Non-migrants	95,470	47,010	48,460	14.0	14.1	13.9
Migrants	129,280	65,430	63,845	19.0	19.6	18.4
Internal migrants	66,180	33,250	32,930	9.7	10.0	9.5
Intraprovincial migrants	58,050	29,165	28,880	8.5	8.7	8.3
Interprovincial migrants	8,130	4,080	4,050	1.2	1.2	1.2
External migrants	63,100	32,190	30,910	9.3	9.6	8.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	603,590	293,930	309,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	85,715	41,455	44,255	14.2	14.1	14.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	517,875	252,470	265,405	85.8	85.9	85.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	392,425	190,630	201,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	31,170	16,370	14,795	7.9	8.6	7.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	361,255	174,250	187,005	92.1	91.4	92.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	603,595	293,930	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	80,295	38,365	41,930	13.3	13.1	13.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	152,265	75,105	77,160	25.2	25.6	24.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	371,030	180,455	190,575	61.5	61.4	61.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	140,395	69,350	71,040	23.3	23.6	22.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	22,470	15,685	6,785	3.7	5.3	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	12,560	8,035	4,525	2.1	2.7	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,915	7,645	2,270	1.6	2.6	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	99,290	45,265	54,020	16.4	15.4	17.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,635	8,405	10,225	3.1	2.9	3.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	230,635	111,100	119,535	38.2	37.8	38.6
Bachelor's degree	150,240	70,305	79,935	24.9	23.9	25.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	14,805	7,085	7,720	2.5	2.4	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,385	2,840	3,545	1.1	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	53,970	27,540	26,430	8.9	9.4	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,235	3,325	1,910	0.9	1.1	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	392,425	190,625	201,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	28,030	14,815	13,215	7.1	7.8	6.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	78,470	40,065	38,405	20.0	21.0	19.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	285,925	135,740	150,185	72.9	71.2	74.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	100,800	48,525	52,275	25.7	25.5	25.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	14,275	9,840	4,440	3.6	5.2	2.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,945	4,985	2,960	2.0	2.6	1.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,335	4,855	1,480	1.6	2.5	0.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	73,650	33,000	40,655	18.8	17.3	20.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,870	5,690	7,180	3.3	3.0	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	185,125	87,220	97,905	47.2	45.8	48.5
Bachelor's degree	117,405	54,135	63,275	29.9	28.4	31.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,615	5,300	6,320	3.0	2.8	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,270	2,220	3,045	1.3	1.2	1.5
Master's degree	46,915	23,305	23,610	12.0	12.2	11.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,925	2,265	1,660	1.0	1.2	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	603,595	293,925	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	232,560	113,475	119,090	38.5	38.6	38.5
Education	16,285	2,885	13,400	2.7	1.0	4.3
13. Education	16,285	2,885	13,400	2.7	1.0	4.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	11,500	4,615	6,885	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,255	870	390	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	10,245	3,750	6,495	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	20,955	6,080	14,880	3.5	2.1	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,275	430	1,845	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	5,070	1,090	3,980	0.8	0.4	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,405	2,345	6,060	1.4	0.8	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	415	165	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,165	505	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	875	535	345	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	2,110	945	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	650	65	580	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	45,905	15,190	30,720	7.6	5.2	9.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	460	90	365	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,165	1,940	3,220	0.9	0.7	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,885	605	6,280	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	7,270	2,580	4,695	1.2	0.9	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	945	300	655	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	6,385	1,400	4,985	1.1	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	18,800	8,280	10,525	3.1	2.8	3.4
Business, management and public administration	96,290	44,420	51,865	16.0	15.1	16.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,050	855	3,195	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	92,115	43,510	48,610	15.3	14.8	15.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	20,495	8,910	11,580	3.4	3.0	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,070	2,930	5,140	1.3	1.0	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	5,710	2,395	3,320	0.9	0.8	1.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	485	125	360	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	5,500	3,210	2,290	0.9	1.1	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	725	250	475	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	27,715	18,035	9,680	4.6	6.1	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	22,495	15,350	7,140	3.7	5.2	2.3
25. Library science	555	65	495	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	3,920	2,115	1,800	0.6	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	750	505	245	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	71,895	60,780	11,110	11.9	20.7	3.6
04. Architecture and related services	3,545	2,195	1,345	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	36,150	28,610	7,535	6.0	9.7	2.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,540	11,765	1,780	2.2	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,195	7,010	185	1.2	2.4	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,525	7,390	125	1.2	2.5	0.0
48. Precision production	3,925	3,795	125	0.7	1.3	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,515	2,245	2,270	0.7	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,035	1,515	1,520	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,475	730	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	42,145	10,725	31,420	7.0	3.6	10.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,210	1,755	1,460	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	37,475	8,300	29,175	6.2	2.8	9.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	85	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,370	640	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,215	6,525	6,695	2.2	2.2	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,370	2,235	5,140	1.2	0.8	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	80	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,740	2,430	1,315	0.6	0.8	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,975	1,745	230	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	392,425	190,625	201,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	106,500	54,885	51,620	27.1	28.8	25.6
Education	11,560	1,965	9,595	2.9	1.0	4.8
13. Education	11,560	1,965	9,595	2.9	1.0	4.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	8,915	3,535	5,385	2.3	1.9	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	885	610	275	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	8,035	2,920	5,110	2.0	1.5	2.5
Humanities	15,740	4,380	11,360	4.0	2.3	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,635	290	1,345	0.4	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	3,930	820	3,110	1.0	0.4	1.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,355	1,685	4,665	1.6	0.9	2.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	295	120	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	875	380	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	600	330	270	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,580	710	880	0.4	0.4	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	50	425	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	35,395	11,250	24,145	9.0	5.9	12.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	360	55	310	0.1	0.0	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,080	1,495	2,580	1.0	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,075	425	4,650	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	5,945	1,935	4,000	1.5	1.0	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	690	225	465	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	4,965	1,045	3,925	1.3	0.5	1.9
45. Social sciences	14,285	6,070	8,215	3.6	3.2	4.1
Business, management and public administration	77,165	34,975	42,190	19.7	18.3	20.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,250	675	2,570	0.8	0.4	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	73,815	34,255	39,565	18.8	18.0	19.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	14,800	6,070	8,730	3.8	3.2	4.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,935	2,075	3,855	1.5	1.1	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,130	1,695	2,435	1.1	0.9	1.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	395	95	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
40. Physical sciences	3,820	2,045	1,775	1.0	1.1	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	520	155	365	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,755	15,380	8,380	6.1	8.1	4.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	19,785	13,395	6,385	5.0	7.0	3.2
25. Library science	365	50	315	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,945	1,495	1,455	0.8	0.8	0.7
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	665	445	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,980	43,585	9,400	13.5	22.9	4.7
04. Architecture and related services	2,735	1,625	1,105	0.7	0.9	0.5
14. Engineering	28,390	21,810	6,580	7.2	11.4	3.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,660	8,210	1,460	2.5	4.3	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,845	4,735	115	1.2	2.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,905	4,850	55	1.2	2.5	0.0
48. Precision production	2,430	2,345	80	0.6	1.2	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,300	1,565	1,735	0.8	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,120	985	1,135	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,180	585	595	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	32,480	8,230	24,245	8.3	4.3	12.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,185	1,235	945	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,165	6,500	22,665	7.4	3.4	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,040	465	575	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,740	4,790	4,950	2.5	2.5	2.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,475	1,620	3,855	1.4	0.8	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,810	1,865	945	0.7	1.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,395	1,250	150	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	85	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	392,425	190,625	201,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	106,500	54,885	51,620	27.1	28.8	25.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	285,925	135,745	150,180	72.9	71.2	74.4
Location of study inside Canada	165,130	78,780	86,350	42.1	41.3	42.8
Same as province or territory of residence	154,900	73,590	81,310	39.5	38.6	40.3
Different than province or territory of residence	10,235	5,190	5,040	2.6	2.7	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	120,795	56,965	63,830	30.8	29.9	31.6
Americas	14,140	7,285	6,850	3.6	3.8	3.4
United States of America	7,865	4,460	3,405	2.0	2.3	1.7
Mexico	725	310	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	335	180	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	705	285	425	0.2	0.1	0.2
Brazil	715	310	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	1,285	560	725	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	305	100	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	430	180	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,760	900	860	0.4	0.5	0.4
Europe	19,045	9,715	9,330	4.9	5.1	4.6
Belgium	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	445	230	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germany	310	195	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	160	100	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	4,260	1,915	2,350	1.1	1.0	1.2
Romania	1,195	595	600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	945	440	510	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	2,345	1,070	1,270	0.6	0.6	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	300	165	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	4,830	2,785	2,045	1.2	1.5	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	350	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	160	105	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	510	280	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	2,710	1,390	1,320	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	7,200	3,365	3,830	1.8	1.8	1.9
Nigeria	1,080	565	515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algeria	135	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	135	35	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	4,010	1,895	2,110	1.0	1.0	1.0
South Africa, Republic of	345	170	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	1,445	600	845	0.4	0.3	0.4
Asia	79,475	36,085	43,390	20.3	18.9	21.5
Iran⁸⁸	675	280	395	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraq	2,420	1,075	1,345	0.6	0.6	0.7
Israel	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	965	460	505	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	1,630	785	845	0.4	0.4	0.4
Turkey	345	190	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	7,260	3,335	3,925	1.9	1.7	1.9
Taiwan	290	105	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	585	270	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japan	385	160	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,295	545	755	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	10,950	4,120	6,830	2.8	2.2	3.4
Viet Nam	635	245	390	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	1,020	425	595	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	1,070	450	620	0.3	0.2	0.3
India	33,070	15,960	17,110	8.4	8.4	8.5
Pakistan	12,165	5,510	6,655	3.1	2.9	3.3
Other locations of study in Asia	4,600	2,105	2,495	1.2	1.1	1.2
Oceania	930	510	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australia	825	445	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	85	65	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	603,595	293,930	309,665	...	...	...
In the labour force	385,915	203,180	182,735	...	...	...
Employed	332,000	178,160	153,840	...	...	...
Unemployed	53,920	25,025	28,900	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	217,670	90,745	126,925	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.9	69.1	59.0	63.9	69.1	59.0
Employment rate	55.0	60.6	49.7	55.0	60.6	49.7
Unemployment rate	14.0	12.3	15.8	14.0	12.3	15.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	603,595	293,925	309,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	228,605	97,045	131,565	37.9	33.0	42.5
Worked	374,990	196,885	178,105	62.1	67.0	57.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	206,735	115,850	90,885	34.3	39.4	29.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	168,250	81,035	87,215	27.9	27.6	28.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	41.4	39.4	40.4	41.4	39.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	385,915	203,180	182,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,625	6,740	7,880	3.8	3.3	4.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	371,295	196,440	174,860	96.2	96.7	95.7
Employee	315,540	158,960	156,585	81.8	78.2	85.7
Permanent position	265,785	135,880	129,905	68.9	66.9	71.1
Temporary position	49,760	23,075	26,680	12.9	11.4	14.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	17,885	8,340	9,545	4.6	4.1	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	31,870	14,740	17,135	8.3	7.3	9.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	55,755	37,480	18,270	14.4	18.4	10.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	385,915	203,180	182,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,625	6,740	7,880	3.8	3.3	4.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	371,295	196,440	174,860	96.2	96.7	95.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,955	3,545	1,410	1.3	1.7	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	82,165	30,460	51,705	21.3	15.0	28.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	48,950	36,505	12,445	12.7	18.0	6.8
3 Health occupations	23,720	5,615	18,105	6.1	2.8	9.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	34,620	10,620	24,005	9.0	5.2	13.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	9,330	4,340	4,985	2.4	2.1	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	90,300	41,455	48,850	23.4	20.4	26.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	56,875	50,440	6,435	14.7	24.8	3.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,295	1,860	435	0.6	0.9	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	18,080	11,595	6,485	4.7	5.7	3.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	385,915	203,180	182,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,625	6,740	7,880	3.8	3.3	4.3
All industries¹⁹¹	371,295	196,440	174,860	96.2	96.7	95.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	690	335	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	545	370	180	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	1,805	1,230	580	0.5	0.6	0.3
23 Construction	23,065	19,635	3,430	6.0	9.7	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	34,185	22,925	11,260	8.9	11.3	6.2
41 Wholesale trade	19,520	11,220	8,305	5.1	5.5	4.5
44-45 Retail trade	42,635	21,055	21,585	11.0	10.4	11.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	28,765	20,565	8,200	7.5	10.1	4.5
51 Information and cultural industries	9,985	6,130	3,860	2.6	3.0	2.1
52 Finance and insurance	28,545	13,615	14,930	7.4	6.7	8.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	8,800	4,805	3,990	2.3	2.4	2.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	46,330	27,865	18,460	12.0	13.7	10.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,070	840	1,235	0.5	0.4	0.7
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	17,160	9,250	7,905	4.4	4.6	4.3
61 Educational services	23,330	6,850	16,485	6.0	3.4	9.0
62 Health care and social assistance	36,230	7,465	28,765	9.4	3.7	15.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,520	2,460	2,055	1.2	1.2	1.1
72 Accommodation and food services	17,960	7,950	10,015	4.7	3.9	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,585	5,825	6,755	3.3	2.9	3.7
91 Public administration	12,565	6,060	6,495	3.3	3.0	3.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	407,720	213,305	194,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	372,730	196,180	176,550	91.4	92.0	90.8
French	625	165	460	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	4,415	2,320	2,095	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,415	2,320	2,095	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and French	5,885	2,050	3,835	1.4	1.0	2.0
English and non-official language(s)	23,060	12,160	10,905	5.7	5.7	5.6
French and non-official language(s)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	695	270	425	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	290	155	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	407,720	213,305	194,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	402,080	210,520	191,560	98.6	98.7	98.5
Official languages	393,335	206,105	187,230	96.5	96.6	96.3
English	391,975	205,765	186,205	96.1	96.5	95.8
French	1,360	340	1,025	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	8,750	4,420	4,330	2.1	2.1	2.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,750	4,420	4,330	2.1	2.1	2.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	775	455	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	760	440	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	730	420	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	555	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	555	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	165	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	130	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,850	1,975	1,865	0.9	0.9	1.0
Albanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,270	585	685	0.3	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,265	585	685	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bulgarian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	690	325	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	100	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	280	115	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,600	910	690	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,550	880	670	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	790	505	280	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	510	235	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	890	440	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	335	200	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	480	205	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	280	135	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,810	1,390	1,420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese languages	2,810	1,390	1,420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,085	990	1,090	0.5	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	705	380	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,635	2,785	2,850	1.4	1.3	1.5
English and French	1,205	410	800	0.3	0.2	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	4,275	2,310	1,965	1.0	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	407,720	213,305	194,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	382,635	201,070	181,565	93.8	94.3	93.4
English	4,345	1,905	2,440	1.1	0.9	1.3
French	4,090	1,510	2,575	1.0	0.7	1.3
Non-official language	13,100	6,985	6,110	3.2	3.3	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,100	6,985	6,110	3.2	3.3	3.1
English and French	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	465	190	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,590	1,390	1,195	0.6	0.7	0.6
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	331,995	178,160	153,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	111,685	54,295	57,390	33.6	30.5	37.3
Worked outside Canada	1,970	1,415	555	0.6	0.8	0.4
No fixed workplace address	37,480	27,985	9,490	11.3	15.7	6.2
Usual place of work	180,870	94,460	86,405	54.5	53.0	56.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	180,870	94,460	86,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	106,490	51,600	54,890	58.9	54.6	63.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	13,235	8,050	5,185	7.3	8.5	6.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	60,820	34,625	26,190	33.6	36.7	30.3
Commute to a different province or territory	325	185	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	218,345	122,445	95,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	180,545	106,435	74,110	82.7	86.9	77.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	162,185	100,155	62,030	74.3	81.8	64.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	18,365	6,280	12,085	8.4	5.1	12.6
Public transit	24,890	10,415	14,480	11.4	8.5	15.1
Walked	6,350	2,555	3,800	2.9	2.1	4.0
Bicycle	715	535	180	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other method	5,845	2,515	3,335	2.7	2.1	3.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	218,345	122,445	95,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	41,835	19,835	22,000	19.2	16.2	22.9
15 to 29 minutes	83,990	46,080	37,910	38.5	37.6	39.5
30 to 44 minutes	53,060	32,770	20,290	24.3	26.8	21.2
45 to 59 minutes	18,620	11,505	7,115	8.5	9.4	7.4
60 minutes and over	20,845	12,255	8,585	9.5	10.0	9.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	218,345	122,445	95,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,260	10,325	3,935	6.5	8.4	4.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	33,810	21,380	12,425	15.5	17.5	13.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	48,570	26,455	22,115	22.2	21.6	23.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	47,655	23,700	23,950	21.8	19.4	25.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	36,895	19,025	17,875	16.9	15.5	18.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	37,155	21,555	15,605	17.0	17.6	16.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	138,965	71,460	67,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,435	5,845	5,585	8.2	8.2	8.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	127,535	65,615	61,925	91.8	91.8	91.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	104,945	54,040	50,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,225	4,725	4,500	8.8	8.7	8.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,965	3,005	2,955	5.7	5.6	5.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,260	1,720	1,540	3.1	3.2	3.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	95,720	49,315	46,400	91.2	91.3	91.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 5, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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